Suchergebnisse

This work forms part of the R & D project "Family strategies and demographic responses to the economic recession" (CSO2015-64713-R) co-directed by Albert Esteve and Iñaki Permanyer and financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. Joan García-Román also receives funding under the "Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación" program (IJCI-2015-23382), financed by the same Ministry. Financial support was also received from the Catalan Government under the CERCA Program. ; Female breadwinner (FBw) families are unusual and represent an atypical allocation of roles in the household. Beginning with the recession period in 2007, an incremental increase in the proportion of FBw couples has been observed, especially in Spain. The aim of this paper is to study FBw couples and their division of gender roles in two countries with different welfare regimes, cultural and social norms and gender attitudes: the US and Spain. To analyze the division of roles, I use data regarding couples' allocation of time. Results reveal that FBw couples have changed significantly in Spain, whereas their characteristics have been more stable in the US. Regarding couples' allocation of time, there is a reversal in the gender gap in the US in terms of time spent in housework with men doing more. In Spain, there is no reversal, and women still do more housework even when they are the only employed member of a couple. ; Les famílies de "dona proveïdora" (FBw de l'anglès "Female Breadwinner") no són habituals i representen una situació atípica pel que fa als rols de gènere a la llar. Però, a partir del període de recessió de 2007 s'ha observat un increment en la proporció de parelles FBw, especialment a Espanya. L'objectiu d'aquest article és estudiar parelles FBw i la seva divisió de rols de gènere, a dos països amb diferents règims de benestar, normes culturals i socials, i actituds de gènere: els Estats Units i Espanya. Per analitzar la divisió de rols, s'utilitzen dades sobre l'assignació de temps de les parelles. Els resultats revelen que les parelles FBw han canviat significativament a Espanya, mentre que les seves característiques han estat més estables als EUA. Pel que fa a l'assignació del temps de les parelles, hi ha una modificació en la diferència de gènere en temps dedicat a treball domèstic als Estats Units on els homes hi dediquen més temps. A Espanya no s'observa aquest canvi, i les dones encara fan més tasques domèstiques, fins i tot quan són l'únic membre ocupat de la parella. ; Las familias de "mujer proveedora" (FBW del inglés "Female Breadwinner") son inusuales y representan una asignación atípica de roles de género en el hogar. A partir del período de recesión de 2007, se ha observado un incremento en la proporción de parejas FBW, especialmente en España. El objetivo de este artículo es estudiar parejas FBW y su división de roles de género en dos países con diferentes regímenes de bienestar, normas culturales y sociales y actitudes de género: Estados Unidos y España. Para analizar la división de roles, utilizo datos sobre la asignación de tiempo de las parejas. Los resultados revelan que las parejas FBW han cambiado significativamente en España, mientras que sus características han sido más estables en EEUU. Con respecto a la asignación del tiempo de las parejas, en Estados Unidos se observa una reversión en la diferencia de género en tiempo dedicado a trabajo doméstico, donde los hombres dedican más tiempo. En España, no hay ninguna reversión, y las mujeres todavía dedican más tiempo a tareas domésticas, incluso cuando son el único miembro ocupado de la pareja.

AbstractObjectiveThis paper explores if re‐partnering leads to less traditional divisions of domestic work by comparing men and women in different European countries.BackgroundDivorce and re‐partnering have become more common, and we question if they are opening the scope for more gender‐balanced arrangements at home and new theoretical approaches.MethodUsing the two available waves of the Gender and Generation Survey for Western (France, Germany, and Austria) and Eastern European countries (Bulgaria, Lithuania, and the Czech Republic) for dual‐earner couples, we ran a series of logistic regressions to measure the probability of having traditional divisions of housework.ResultsWe found less traditional arrangements among re‐partnered individuals, although we observed different patterns in each country. Respondents in Western Europe were less likely to have traditional divisions after separation than those who never experienced a breakup, suggesting that men's and women's successive unions differ from the previous ones in terms of housework sharing. However, in Eastern Europe, this association was only significant for men and not for women.ConclusionsWe provided empirical support for a less traditional division of housework among re‐partnered individuals, but the West/East divide was only observed among females.ImplicationsOur results support the three classic theories that attempted to explain the division of housework between men and women. Nonetheless, they also suggest that among re‐partnered couples, we can consider the additional hypothesis of adaptative strategy, especially among men. This has implications for gender equality and family theories, as it opens the door to consider new theoretical perspectives to explain gender dynamics after union dissolution.

This study uses large-scale cross-national time-diary data from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) (N = 201,972) covering the period from 2005 to 2015 to examine gender differences in time use by age groups. The study compares ten industrialized countries across Asia, Europe, and North America. In all ten countries, gender differences in time use are smaller in personal care, sleeping and meals, followed by leisure time (including screen-based leisure and active leisure), and largest in housework, care work and paid work activities. Gender disparities in time use are higher in South Korea, Hungary, and Italy, followed closely by Spain, with moderate gender gaps in Western European countries like France and Netherlands, and lowest differences in Finland and Anglo-Saxon countries, including Canada, US, and the UK. Gender differences in housework and caring time increase from adolescence (10-17 years) to early adulthood (18-29 years), showing strong gender gaps in early/middle adulthood (30-44 years), but narrow again during late adulthood (65 years or older). However, the age gradient in care work and housework is most pronounced in Italy and South Korea, being less prominent in Canada and Finland. Gender gaps in paid work are larger in early/middle adulthood (30-44) and middle/late adulthood (45-64), with strongest age gradients observed in the Netherlands and weaker gradients for the US. Gender differences in active leisure increase by age, especially in Southern European countries, while screen-based leisure shows more stable gender gaps by age groups across different countries. Overall, this study shows that age and gender intersect strongly in affecting time-use patterns, but also that the national context plays an important role in shaping gender-age interactions in time use allocation.

Population ageing requires understanding the implications of eldercare. Using American Time Use Surveys, we find that caregivers spend less time on personal care and social activities/sports, and more time on housework, than individuals who do not provide any eldercare. They also report higher stress and lower happiness. In addition, caregivers may not provide care every day, but on days when they do, they also spend more time on housework and less on paid work, and report higher levels of sadness than on days when they do not provide care. Regular caregivers experience worse wellbeing than non-caregivers, but also experience additional strain on days when they provide care.

AbstractAnthropometrics have been widely used to study the influence of environmental factors on health and nutritional status. In contrast, anthropometric geography has not often been employed to approximate the dynamics of spatial disparities associated with socio‐economic and demographic changes. Spain exhibited intense disparity and change during the middle decades of the 20th century, with the result that the life courses of the corresponding cohorts were associated with diverse environmental conditions. This was also true of the Spanish territories.This paper presents insights concerning the relationship between socio‐economic changes and living conditions by combining the analysis of cohort trends and the anthropometric cartography of height and physical build. This analysis is conducted for Spanish male cohorts born in 1934–1973 who were recorded in the Spanish military statistics. This information is interpreted in light of region‐level data on gross domestic product and infant mortality.Our results show an anthropometric convergence across regions that, nevertheless, did not substantially modify the spatial patterns of robustness, featuring primarily robust north‐eastern regions and weak central‐southern regions. These patterns persisted until the 1990s (cohorts born during the 1970s). For the most part, anthropometric disparities were associated with socio‐economic disparities, although the former lessened over time to a greater extent than the latter. Interestingly, the various anthropometric indicators utilised here do not point to the same conclusions. There have been some discrepancies found between height and robustness patterns that moderate the statements from the analysis of cohort height alone regarding the level and evolution of living conditions across Spanish regions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

El document es presentarà com a pòster a l'European Population Conference (EAPS. Stockholm, del 13 al 16 de juny de 2012) i com a comunicació al III Encuentro de la Asociación Española de Historia Económica (Centre d'Estudis "Antoni de Capmany" d'Economia i Història Econòmica; Departament d'Història i Institucions Econòmiques de la UB. Barcelona, 7 de setembre de 2012). ; This paper seeks new insights concerning the relationship between environmental conditions and the anthropometric measures of a population. We analyse cohort trends and spatial patterns of physical robustness (height, weight and chest circumference) during the process of economic development in twentieth-century Spain. The data were drawn from Spanish Military Statistics that record male cohorts from 1934 to 1973. Dramatic socioeconomic and demographic changes occurred during that period and consequently the life course of those cohorts witnessed very diverse environmental contexts. Time-cohort series and anthropometric cartography are presented and discussed in light of supplementary data on GDP and infant mortality. Our results show convergence in height and robustness across Spanish regions. This process was especially intense among cohorts born during the 1950s and the 1960s. Spatial patterns -primarily tall-robust North-Eastern regions and short-weak Central-Southern regions- of development persisted at least until the 1990s (cohorts born during the 1970s). These patterns are only partly associated to economic disparities and there are also remarkable discrepancies between height and robustness patterns which moderates conclusions on the evolution of living conditions exclusively approached by height. ; Es cerquen noves idees explicatives de la relació entre les condicions ambientals i les mesures antropomètriques de la població. S'analitzen les tendències de cohort i els patrons espacials de variables físiques (alçada, pes i mesura pectoral) durant el procés de desenvolupament econòmic a l'Espanya del segle XX. Les dades provenen d'estadístiques militars espanyoles que registren cohorts masculines nascudes entre 1934 i 1973. Durant aquest període, es donaren importants canvis socioeconòmics i demogràfics i, en conseqüència, aquestes cohorts han viscuts contextos ambientals molt diversos. Es mostren les sèries temporals de cohort i la cartografia antropomètrica i es complementa l'anàlisi amb dades sobre el PIB i la mortalitat infantil. Els resultats mostren una convergència, a totes les regions espanyoles, en l'alçada i el pes. Aquest procés va ser especialment intens entre les cohorts nascudes durant els anys 1950 i 1960 en les regions del Nord-Est i menys intens en les regions del Centre i Sud, a on aquest procés de convergència va persistir, almenys fins a la dècada de 1990 (cohorts nascudes durant els anys setanta). Aquests patrons venen només en part associats a les disparitats econòmiques. De fet, sí que expliquen l'homogeneïtzació de l'alçada però menys en la del pes, que derivaria d'altres condicions. ; Este documento busca nuevas ideas explicativas sobre la relación entre las condiciones ambientales y las medidas antropométricas de la población. Se analizan las tendencias de cohortes y los patrones espaciales de variables físicas (altura, peso y medida pectoral) durante el proceso de desarrollo económico en la España del siglo XX. Los datos provienen de estadísticas militares españolas que registran cohortes masculinas nacidas entre 1934 y 1973. Durante este período, se dieron importantes cambios socioeconómicos y demográficos y, como consecuencia de ello, estas cohortes han vivido contextos ambientales muy diversos. Se muestran las series temporales de cohorte y la cartografía antropométrica y se complementa el análisis con datos sobre el PIB y la mortalidad infantil. Los resultados muestran una convergencia, en todas las regiones españolas, en altura y peso. Este proceso fue especialmente intenso entre las cohortes nacidas durante los años 1950 y 1960 en las regiones del Noreste y menos intenso en las regiones del Centro y Sur, donde, este proceso de convergencia, persistió por lo menos hasta la década de 1990 (cohortes nacidas durante los años setenta). Estos patrones no sólo vienen asociados a las disparidades económicas. De hecho, sí que explican la homogeneización de la altura pero menos la del peso, que derivaría de otras condiciones.

This study used 2009–2015 time-diary data to examine gender differences in daily activities among children and adolescents aged 10–17 in Finland, Spain and the UK ( N = 3517). In all three countries, boys were significantly more involved in screen-based activities and exercising and girls in domestic work, non-screen educational activities and personal care. Gender differences in socializing time were only significant in the UK, with girls socializing more than boys. Gender gaps within countries were largest in domestic work (UK: 60%; Finland: 58%; Spain: 48%) and exercising (UK: 57%; Finland: 36%; Spain: 27%), followed by educational time (UK: 35%; Finland: 34%; Spain: 18%) and screen-based activities (UK: 31%; Finland: 16%; Spain: 16%), and lower in personal care (UK: 27%; Finland: 21%; Spain: 14%) and socializing (UK; 21%; Finland: 13%; Spain: 6%). Two-way country-gender interactions in children's activities were statistically significant when comparing Spain and the UK on screen-based activities, socializing, and personal care, with larger gender gaps in the UK than in Spain. By contrast, gender differences in child time use between Finland and either Spain or UK were not statistically significant. The complex role of national contexts and life-course stages in shaping gendered time-use patterns is discussed.

This study uses 2009-2015 time-diary data to examine gender differences in daily activities among children and adolescents aged 10-17 in Finland, Spain and the UK (N = 3,517). Gender differences in child time use are strong in all three countries. Boys are more involved in screen-based time and exercising, and girls in domestic work, non-screen educational time, personal care and socializing. The UK shows the largest gender differences in child time use, including domestic work (60% gender gap), exercising (57%), non-screen educational time (35%), screen-based time (31%), personal care (27%) and socializing (21%). Finland resembles the UK in domestic work (58% gap) and non-screen educational time (34%), showing smaller gender gaps in other activities, without significant gender differences with Spain and UK. Spain exhibits the smallest gender differences in child time use, with significant differences with the UK in screen-based time (16% gap), socializing (6%) and personal care (14%). Demographic and socioeconomic factors contribute little to explain these findings. While gender differences in child time use are moderately smaller in 'egalitarian' Finland than in 'liberal' UK, 'family-oriented' Spain presents interestingly the smallest gender gaps. The complex role of social contexts and life-course stages in shaping gendered activities is discussed.

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined the differences in child and adolescent time use across the following three countries with distinct policy and cultural regimes: Finland, Spain, and the United Kingdom.BackgroundStudying children's time use cross‐nationally is urgent to better understand how societal contexts influence children's daily lives in ways that affect their future lifestyles, development, and identity formation. Yet previous studies have largely omitted this important question.MethodThe study used 2009 to 015 time‐diary data on children aged 10 to 17 from Finland, Spain, and the United Kingdom (N= 3,491). Multivariate linear regression models examined (a) between‐country and (b) within‐country variations.ResultsFinnish children spent 153 daily minutes less with parents, 128 more with "others" and 54 daily minutes more alone when compared with Spanish children. The United Kingdom fell between Finland and Spain in children's time allocated with parents and time with "others." In family‐oriented Spain, children spent more time eating; in individualistic Finland and United Kingdom, child screen‐based time was highest. Parental education generally led to more time in educational activities, but with minor country variations. Maternal employment was generally not associated with child time use, except in Spain, where it led to less parent–child time.ConclusionThe strong cross‐national differences in child and adolescent time use seem only partly driven by sociostructural factors. Cross‐cultural variations in family values and parenting ideologies seem to critically influence children's daily activities.

This study investigates how child and adolescent time use differs across Finland, Italy, Spain and the UK, four countries capturing clearly distinct policy and cultural regimes. Studying children's time use cross-nationally provides new understandings of the micro-macro drivers of children's daily activities with critical implications for their personal development, future lifestyles and identity formation. The study uses rich time-diary data from 2008-2015 for a pooled sample of children aged 10-17 from Finland, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom (N = 6,556), applying multiple linear regression models addressing (i) between-country and (ii) within-country variations. Findings are consistent with the Cross-Cultural Hypothesis by revealing that Finnish children spend the lowest time with parents and the highest time alone and with 'others', after accounting for multiple factors. In Italy and Spain, children's time with parents is the highest, and time alone and with others clearly lowest. The UK lies somewhere in between the Scandinavian and Mediterranean models. In 'family-oriented' Italy and Spain, children spend more time eating (i.e., having dinners), while in more 'individualistic' Finland and UK screen-based time is highest (i.e. mobile phone use). The Structural Opportunities Hypothesis receives little support. Parental education generally leads to more time in educational activities in all four countries, while maternal employment generally weakly predicts children's time use across activities and national contexts. Overall, the strong cross-national differences observed in child and adolescent time use do not seem driven by simple structural or socioeconomic opportunity contexts, but rather by cross-cultural differences in values around family relations and individuals' daily routines.