Since 1899, at least one Hispanic has served in every Congress of the United States (U.S.). When the U.S. 116th Congress convened on January 3, 2019, it comprised the highest number of Hispanics in its history with a record of 48 between both chambers (44 in the House of Representatives and 4 in the Senate). This article focuses on the figure of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, perhaps being the most important emerging Hispanic member in the current Congress, whose top policy priority is a "Green New Deal", a comprehensive plan to address climate change in the U.S.
Abstract: Traditionally, the role of women was confined to taking care of the family, and they had little or no voice outside that sphere. The intention was that they would bring up children, keep the home, and look after their husbands who were usually the bread-winners. Consequently, a thorough examination of life in the 1920s will provide a degree of perspective on how women could handle and manage the social advances of the times with regard to their free time activities. We will clearly focus on the efforts of such a group of women in order to get their own leisure activities in society. Therefore, what we should explore throughout this paper is the continuous struggle of women in the United States in the 1920s and the following steps they had to take over. By merely skimming through this article, the reader should gain an accurate and concise notion of what these women had to go through in that awkward period in the United States.Keywords: the new woman, flapper rebellion, social rebellion, spare time, modern woman, status of women. Título en español: Norteamericanas y ocio en la década de 1920Resumen: Tradicionalmente, el papel de la mujer en la sociedad se ha visto reducido al cuidado de la familia con escasa o ninguna repercusión fuera del ámbito doméstico. Se suponía que su papel correspondía al cuidado de los hijos y de sus maridos, y a mantener el hogar familiar. Sin embargo, un cuidadoso estudio de la vida en los años veinte nos proporcionará una amplia perspectiva sobre la manera en la que las mujeres manejaron los avances sociales de la época. Intentaremos dar un claro enfoque sobre los esfuerzos de dichas mujeres por obtener su reconocimiento social. Lo que se intentará demostrar será la continua batalla de las mujeres en los Estados Unidos en los años veinte, y todas las dificultades que tuvieron que sortear. Simplemente ojeando este artículo, el publico lector podrá obtener una visión concreta y precisa de la lucha de estas mujeres en esa época desenfrenada en la historia de los Estados Unidos.Palabras clave: la nueva mujer, la rebelión "flapper", la rebelión social, tiempo libre y ocio, la mujer moderna, el estatus de la mujer.
Edith Nourse Rogers fue una mujer con un impacto significativo en la historia moderna de los Estados Unidos, cambiando para siempre la vida de muchas mujeres por medio de la creación de un cuerpo femenino dentro del ejército, así como por su defensa de los derechos de los veteranos de guerra. El objetivo principal es el de analizar la contribución a la política estadounidense de la congresista Rogers, desde un punto de vista histórico y de género, a través de sus discursos oficiales en la década de 1930 en las diferentes elecciones a las que se enfrentó. La conclusión que obtendremos es que la señora Rogers siempre manifestó púbicamente su preocupación por el bienestar de los habitantes de su distrito electoral, el quinto distrito de Massachusetts. Además, se granjeó el voto femenino reconociendo la labor que las mujeres estaban desarrollando.
La propuesta que pretender introducir este artículo consiste en analizar y estudiar en profundidad la labor política y personal de la congresista republicana estadounidense Edith Nourse Rogers, por el estado de Massachusetts. Esta congresista fue hasta el año 2011 la representante con la carrera política más extensa en la historia del Congreso, lo cual valida la originalidad del presente estudio. Edith Nourse Rogers fue una mujer con un impacto signifi cativo en la historia política estadounidense, cambiando para siempre tanto la vida de muchas mujeres estadounidenses como la de los veteranos de guerra. Para las primeras, por medio de la creación de un cuerpo específi co femenino en el ejército (WAAC – WAC), mientras que para los segundos defendía la creación de hospitales por todo el país así como la implantación de diversos beneficios y compensaciones económicas y sociales. Pero incomprensiblemente, la fi gura de esta congresista ha sido bastante poco estudiada y no se le ha reconocido su valía y relevancia para el país. De ahí que esta investigaciónsea pionera a la par que especialmente apreciable y signifi cativa desde un punto de vista histórico y político. ABSTRACT: The proposal that this article intends to introduce is to analyze and to study in depth the political and personal work of the American Republican congresswoman Edith Nourse Rogers of Massachusetts. This congresswoman was, until the year 2011, the congresswoman with the most extensive political career in the history of U.S. Congress, which validates the originality of the present study. Edith Nourse Rogers was a woman with a signifi cant impact on American history, changing forever the lives of so many American women and WWII veterans. For the former, through the creation of a specifi c female corps in the US Army (WAAC – WAC). For the latter, she advocated the creation of hospitals throughout the country and the implementation of various benefi ts and economic and social compensation for them. But inexplicably, the fi gure of this congresswoman has been quite poorly studied and she has not been recognized her value and relevance to the country until quite recently. Hence, this research is pioneer in the study of such a fi gure whilst at the same time especially noticeable and signifi cant from a historical and political perspective.
In recent times, the Hispanic population of the United States has become a powerful electoral force. Their vote has been historically oriented towards the Democratic Party of the incumbent U.S. President Barack H. Obama. Obviously, this growing electoral strength has been reflected in their political presence in the American life and it has been accomplished with their inclusion in the U.S. Congress. Although in the recent decades several studies on the status of the Hispanic community in the United States have arisen from both sides of the Atlantic, they have been primarily focused on casuistic, demographic, developmental or educational aspects. But only a few of them, if any, has exclusively focused on the numerical and symbolical representation of this community in the political field and, more specifically, on the main legislative body of the country, the Congress. The purpose of this article is precisely to investigate not only the historical presence of Hispanic legislators in the Congress, but also, and especially, their political influence in the present U.S. Congress. After doing an overall analysis of the historical situation of the Hispanic population in the United States, we will focus on the Hispanic presence in the U.S. Congress both along its history, and the current 113th Congress (2013-2015) Finally, and prior to the conclusions drawn throughout the paper, we will analyze the political influence of the Hispanic congressmen in both houses of Congress in the current U.S. legislative political system. As will be described later on, this group has been gradually changing turning from a poor oppressed minority, to one of the most dynamic groups of the country, introduced at all levels of country's government. ; La población hispana de los Estados Unidos se ha convertido, en los últimos tiempos, en una poderosa fuerza electoral cuyo voto se ha orientado históricamente hacia el Partido Demócrata del actual presidente estadounidense Barack H. Obama. Obviamente, esta fuerza electoral creciente se ha ...
The 1920s proved to be a remarkable period in American history. It was also a period of contradictions. On the one hand, America's manufacturing industry boomed, and the country enjoyed the kind of prosperity that made it the envy of the rest of Europe. On the other hand, the affluence of a significant number of Americans was in stark contrast to the poverty of millions of others. Moreover, the razzamatazz that fascinated the rest of the world hid a deeply divided society. America's history of immigration had created a country full of prejudice, discrimination, racism, and an almost fanatical fear of political extremism that was thinly disguised by the glamorous façade. The 19th Amendment, granting women the right to vote in all elections, was a major step in freeing half the American population. During the early 20th century, thousands of women conducted hundreds of campaigns to gain the rights to vote. Finally the time for women had come. The 1920s was a challenging time for American women. Women were expected to raise children, keep house, provide emotional support for their husbands, and in myriad ways, contribute to American society. However, during the twenties, those demands came to seem less and less compatible. Particularly for middle-class women, roles evolved in ways that often left women feeling pulled in two or more directions at once. Sometimes, women of the 1920s responded to the competing demands by rebelling against authority. Middle-class women had plenty of outlets for their energy. They could focus their time, energy, and resources on the common good, trying to improve the lot of all women. Nevertheless, many exciting and glamorous distractions offered themselves to the New Woman. She could attend to her appearance by poring over the latest clothing styles. She could spend evenings at parties and movies. She could follow the latest sensational stories about celebrities in the newspapers and movie magazines. The New Woman who chose to combine domesticity with a career had to experiment with new ways to manage her time and energy to meet the demands of being a wife, mother, and working woman. Substantial number of women took up the challenge of a career or job outside the home. Sometimes, women persevered to overcome barriers and gained admission to professions such as law and medicine. Others took up jobs such as work in textile mills that were readily offered to women. Even though the 1920s offered new employment opportunities in industries previously closed to women, often the women who took these jobs found themselves exploited. No matter what her social standing, race or level of education, the New Woman found the 1920s a time of uncertainty. For the poor, being a New Woman meant new burdens, not opportunities.
[SPA] Durante el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, el alumno debe adquirir las competencias que desarrollarán en sus futuras empresas, instituciones u organizaciones. El éxito está fuertemente ligado al grado de implicación del alumno y, a su vez, éste está directamente relacionado con su motivación vocacional. Por ello, un objetivo primordial debe ser potenciar la motivación vocacional. Siguiendo este enfoque, se presenta y analiza la estrategia docente que se ha desarrollado en el Centro Universitario de la Defensa de San Javier durante la implantación progresiva de la titulación de "Grado de Ingeniería de Organización Industrial". Hay que resaltar que todos nuestros alumnos son caballeros y damas alumnos de la Academia General del Aire. Por tanto, al finalizar su formación integral (militar, aeronáutica y académico universitario), los egresados desarrollarán su profesión como oficiales del Ejército, lo que conlleva a que todos ingresen con gran motivación vocacional y ésta es potenciada durante todo el proceso formativo. [ENG] During the teaching-learning process, students should acquire skills they will further develop in their future companies, institutions or organizations. The success of this is strongly linked to the degree of student involvement which is, in turn, directly related to their vocational motivation. Therefore, a primary goal should be to strengthen student vocational motivation. In accordance with this, the teaching strategy that has been developed at the University Centre of Defense in San Javier in the framework of the progressively introduced engineering degree in Industrial Organization is presented and analyzed. It should be noted that all of our students are also students of the Spanish Air Force Academy. Thus, at the end of their comprehensive training (which includes military, aeronautical and academic training), those who graduate will further develop their careers as military officers. This ensures that all students enter with a high level of vocational motivation, which is further enhanced throughout the training process.
