Suchergebnisse

EXPORTACIONES Y ACCIONES MEDIOAMBIENTALES -- PÁGINA LEGAL -- ÍNDICE -- PRESENTACIÓN -- CAPÍTULO 1. ASPECTOS INTRODUCTORIOS: MARCO TEÓRICO GENERAL Y OBJETIVOS DEL ESTUDIO -- CAPÍTULO 2. EL CONTEXTO ECONÓMICO ACTUAL Y EL INTERÉS DEL ANÁLISIS -- 2.1. LAS EXPORTACIONES Y LA COMPETITIVIDAD DE LA EMPRESA -- 2.2. MEDICIÓN DE LAS ACCIONES MEDIOAMBIENTALES ENLAS EMPRESAS -- 2.3. EL CONTEXTO AGROALIMENTARIO ACTUAL Y LAS ENTIDADESCOOPERATIVAS COMO ORGANIZACIONES DEPRODUCTORES PARA LA COMERCIALIZACIÓN -- CAPÍTULO 3. RELACIONES ENTRE ACTIVIDAD EXPORTADORA, PRÁCTICAS MEDIOAMBIENTALES Y PRODUCTIVIDAD (...)

La diferencia temporal existente entre la planificación de la oferta y la demanda de productos agrarios, conlleva a que, tradicionalmente, en sectores como el de frutas y hortalizas cobren gran interés las teorías sobre formación de expectativas de precios. En las últimas décadas, la tendencia hacia una mayor interrelación entre la producción y la comercialización (en origen) presente en entidades asociativas implica un aumento de la disponibilidad y utilización de la información para realizar previsiones sobre las distintas variables. El objeto de este estudio es determinar empíricamente la existencia de estimaciones sobre el precio, tomando como referencia actividad productoracomercializadora del sector hortofrutícola del sureste español, que tiene como destinos principales los mercados y centros de distribución alimentaria en el ámbito de la Unión Europea. Para ello, se parte de la combinación de las formulaciones tradicionales de expectativas basadas en variables retardadas y de los modelos de expectativas racionales. Dicho método permite deducir el uso de información complementaria a los retardos de precio; adicionalmente, se analiza la relación de este hecho con el grado de respuesta de la oferta ante las oscilaciones de precio, así como, con la eficiencia en la formación de expectativas. ; The temporal difference existing between the planning of the supply and the demand of agrarian products has caused that the theories about the formation of price expectations have a traditionally great importance in such sectors as those of vegetables and fruits. The tendency to a greater connexion between production and commercialisation in associated entities (in productive place) implies an increase of the efficiency on the use of available information to make forecats on the different variables in the market. The aim of the present study is to determine empirically the existence of price valuations, taking as a reference the production-comercialisation in the south-easterm horticultural sector of Spain, consider enterprises that sell fruits and vegetable institutions of food distribution in the framework of the European Union. For this purpuse, it has been started from the combination of traditional formulations of expectations based on retarded variables, on the one hand, and models of rational expectations, on the other. By this method is deduced the use of complementary information to the price retards; also, the relation existing between that use of information to both the degree of response of the supply regarding the fluctuations in prices and the efficiency on expectative formation is analysed.

[EN] The temporal difference existing between the planning of the supply and the demand of agrarian products has caused that the theories about the formation of price expectations have a traditionally great importance in such sectors as those of vegetables and fruits. The tendency to a greater connexion between production and commercialisation in associated entities (in productive place) implies an increase of the efficiency on the use of available information to make forecats on the different variables in the market. The aim of the present study is to determine empirically the existence of price valuations, taking as a reference the production-comercialisation in the south-easterm horticultural sector of Spain, consider enterprises that sell fruits and vegetable institutions of food distribution in the framework of the European Union. For this purpuse, it has been started from the combination of traditional formulations of expectations based on retarded variables, on the one hand, and models of rational expectations, on the other. By this method is deduced the use of complementary information to the price retards; also, the relation existing between that use of information to both the degree of response of the supply regarding the fluctuations in prices and the efficiency on expectative formation is analysed. ; [ES] La diferencia temporal existente entre la planificación de la oferta y la demanda de productos agrarios, conlleva a que, tradicionalmente, en sectores como el de frutas y hortalizas cobren gran interés las teorías sobre formación de expectativas de precios. En las últimas décadas, la tendencia hacia una mayor interrelación entre la producción y la comercialización (en origen) presente en entidades asociativas implica un aumento de la disponibilidad y utilización de la información para realizar previsiones sobre las distintas variables. El objeto de este estudio es determinar empíricamente la existencia de estimaciones sobre el precio, tomando como referencia actividad productoracomercializadora del ...

This paper aims to understand the social-psychological dimension of the Normative Power Europe discourse using ingroup projection as a discursive/cognitive practice of othering. It takes issue with most poststructuralist studies that conduct analyses of Normative Power Europe based on the dependence of identity on difference through the discursive tendency to construct reality by opposites. Ingroup projection is based both on the need for differentiation to obtain positive distinctiveness and on the natural tendency for categorization processes by which groups share a common higher-order category. In this way, groups tend to project (ingroup projection) their traits and distinctive values onto this higher-order category to legitimate intergroup status differences. The EU's response to the Arab uprisings serves as an empirical test for this argument, insofar as the uprisings implied a cognitive change of the EU's "other" in the construction of the Mediterranean. Through ingroup projection, the EU (ingroup) differentiates itself from this new Arab Mediterranean other (outgroup) and projects EU's idealized identity onto the Mediterranean region (higher-order category) to legitimate its new policies after the uprising.

This paper aims to understand the social-psychological dimension of the Normative Power Europe discourse using ingroup projection as a discursive/cognitive practice of othering. It takes issue with most poststructuralist studies that conduct analyses of Normative Power Europe based on the dependence of identity on difference through the discursive tendency to construct reality by opposites. Ingroup projection is based both on the need for differentiation to obtain positive distinctiveness and on the natural tendency for categorization processes by which groups share a common higher-order category. In this way, groups tend to project (ingroup projection) their traits and distinctive values onto this higher-order category to legitimate intergroup status differences. The EU's response to the Arab uprisings serves as an empirical test for this argument, insofar as the uprisings implied a cognitive change of the EU's "other" in the construction of the Mediterranean. Through ingroup projection, the EU (ingroup) differentiates itself from this new Arab Mediterranean other (outgroup) and projects EU's idealized identity onto the Mediterranean region (higher-order category) to legitimate its new policies after the uprising

AbstractIn recent decades several theories on rural development have been expounded in an attempt to explain some experiences of regional economic growth or to provide recommendations on rural development policies. The objective of this article is to revise this open debate and attempt to introduce more concerns about the delimitation of theories and the mosaic of rural areas in Europe. In this context the present article analyses the paradigmatic development of Almería (south‐east Spain) based primarily on agriculture in a process categorised as an economic miracle. Some authors have attempted to explain this success by mechanisms associated with the endogenous development approach. Nevertheless, this study reveals that Almería's development experience can be categorised as a miscellaneous one, and a mixture of development approaches should therefore be considered as opposed to unidirectional models. This also shows the importance of keeping open the debate on the impact of agrarian activity on rural development.

Food safety management in short supply chains of fruit and vegetables, controlled by large retailers, has been widely studied in the literature. However, when it comes to traditional long supply chains, which include a greater number of intermediaries and wholesalers who, in some cases, play a dual role as resellers and producers, the mechanisms which promote the use of safety certifications have yet to be clearly defined. The present study intended to fill this gap in the literature and shed light on the food safety level that exists in this channel. In addition, this work attempted to identify the existence of differences between both sales systems. For this purpose, the empirical research studied the most important variables that influence the food safety level of some of the main European fruit and vegetable wholesalers. A survey was thus designed and later applied to Spanish and French intermediaries working in key wholesale markets and in the southeast of Spain, which is the leading commercialization area of these products in Europe. The results revealed the positive influence of specific customers (big retailers) on establishing stricter safety controls within wholesale companies. It was also observed that specific wholesalers also play an important role in the system, namely those dedicated to importing, but which are also responsible for quality and safety inspection of agri-food products exported from third countries into the European Union.

Growing environmental awareness in recent years has led to greater efforts by companies and governments to promote eco-innovation, which is becoming an increasingly competitive factor in international supply chains. However, the interrelationships between exports and eco-innovation have not yet been studied in sufficient depth. As such, the purpose of this work is to analyze the influence that exists between these two variables, both at a business or micro level and at a country/region or macro level, and the most influential factors, such as country of origin and sector of activity, among others. To this end, 60 publications have been reviewed from 1996 to 2019 from a global perspective, to analyze the characteristics that define them and both the existing relationship and impact generated by the two variables being studied within international supply chains. The results show that, in general, there is a positive bidirectional relationship, influenced by several factors, such as social performance, environmental regulation, cooperation strategies, employment level, or business size. Additionally, there is a growing interest in this issue within the agrifood sector, as the benefits of an appropriate environmental policy based on innovation to promote exports are of great importance. Finally, a series of recommendations are made for future research that is able to serve scholars, companies and also policy makers.

Related to growing concerns about food safety, the present heterogeneity of certifications and types of control adopted in international supply chains has been interacting with a number of private level strategies, having supermarket chains and large distributors as main protagonists, such as the strategic selection of target market or the differentiation strategy of B2B ('Business to Business') and B2C ('Business to Consumer'), which are applicable to food safety in the fresh fruit and vegetable distribution channel. In this paper, on the one hand, we describe the types of international supply chains for fresh products, and on the other hand, the strategies related to food safety of importers and distributors in developed countries. This with the aim of determining how these strategies influence and interact with both the health risk and the management and decision processes along the supply chain. Especially, it is shown how the diversity of effects caused by the introduction and development of risk management systems is reflected in the wide range of inter-related responses performed by the different members of the distribution channel. This paper proposes a summary of the more noteworthy ones in a segmented way according to their strategic purposes. As main conclusions of this paper we have that, due to the need and obligation for the distribution channel´s members to meet the quality and safety levels required by the market, the characteristics of the linkages, which were established until now along the supply chain, have been altered towards a search for higher upstream commitments from retailers to producers, and thus, the operator´s response to the new dimension acquired by food safety within the supply chain has led to the staging of new methods and procedures for its management. It can also be observed that the bulk of the literature in the area of food safety in the fresh fruit and vegetables supply chain is about the government and implementation of quality in products, processes, or with specific protocols, being much less present a pragmatic and management approach oriented to executive staff in their various areas of responsibility, as well as empirical fieldworks.