Suchergebnisse

For nearly sixty years, the Soviet Union had the most militarized economy in history. The sheer volume of arms produced, and the physical and human dimensions of the industrial apparatus used to produce those arms, was unmatched. Militarization affected every fiber of the economic system; for individuals and households, it provided support for measures to restrict free choice in almost every aspect of people's personal lives, from where they lived and worked to what they ate and wore. All of this has now changed radically. Russia has removed nearly all the restrictions on individuals and it is now drastically reducing its military-industrial sector. By some measures, one could say that the country has already demilitarized. Russia today produces only a small fraction of the arms it did five years ago, but militarization of the economy is far from an issue of the past for Russia. As this book clearly demonstrates, the costs which it imposed represent one of the biggest continuing burdens that Russia will have to bear. One of Clifford Gaddy's main purposes of this book is to uncover the enduring costs of militarization. This book differs from other studies of the overall effect of militarization on Soviet society in two ways. First, it stresses the connection between market reform and demilitarization. It shows how introducing market prices and giving citizens and firms freedom of choice have progressively stripped away many of the advantages previously enjoyed by the Soviet military-industrial complex. Second, the book concentrates on the consequences of militarization and demilitarization not only for enterprises, but also for individuals and local communities. This broad view provides new insights into how pervasive militarization really was in the past and how difficult demilitarization is and will continue to be in the transition period. The

Der Verfasser legt drei Studien zum Verhalten sowjetischer Arbeiter in dualwirtschaftlichen Strukturen vor, die neoklassische Theorien wirtschaftlichen Verhaltens auf mikroökonomischer Ebene anwenden und auf Querschnittsdaten der Berkeley-Duke Erhebung unter sowjetischen Immigranten in den USA basieren. In einem ersten Beitrag werden Determinanten des Arbeitsangebots in der sowjetischen Schattenwirtschaft behandelt. Es schließt sich eine Untersuchung formeller und informeller Lohnelemente bei Arbeitern und Managern in der Sowjetunion an. In einem letzten Beitrag werden Aussichten auf Nebeneinkommen in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung in der UdSSR behandelt. (BIOst-Wpt)

Examines Russia's geopolitical future in terms of how it manages its natural resources, vast space, & population. Attention is given to oil & gas, Siberian remoteness & climate, & fertility decline. Issues related to policy formulation to address these problems are considered. Adapted from the source document.

The question concerning how long Russia can sustain current oil production levels is addressed. An overview of post-Soviet Russian oil production levels is presented, emphasizing the factors that have prompted considerable expansion of oil output. Even though Russia's oil production industry has increased the nation's gross domestic product, it is asserted that oil production levels will eventually plateau and decrease. Data documenting oil production levels in the 20th century US are utilized to predict when the Russian oil production industry will experience decreased output levels; indeed, it is predicted that oil production levels will dip below those of the mid-1980s between 2016 and 2020. Explanations for the emergence of two different corporate models within post-Soviet Russia's oil production sector are then offered. Although oil corporations that enjoy close relations with the Russian government will endure, it is stressed that involvement from foreign oil companies is likely necessary to implement Russian President Vladimir Putin's "managed capitalism" approach toward the oil production industry. The implications of strained relations between particular oil companies and the Russian state for the nation's economy are also pondered.