Suchergebnisse

This article focuses on the analysis of the monograph by T.Kh. Matiev "Mountain national movement in revolutions and the Civil War in the North Caucasus (1917–1921)", published in 2020 in Nazran. This study presents an original and comprehensive approach and addresses one of the most difficult cases in the history of the North Caucasus of the 20th century – the origins of the Mountain Republic. The driving force behind the idea of a federation and the protection of the rights of mountain peoples was the young intellectuals of the North Caucasus. In this regard, the reviewer sees parallels with Jadidism in the Volga-Ural region, the activity of the Tatar intellectual youth of the early 20th century, the ideas of national and cultural autonomy. The Muslim peoples of the North Caucasus and the Tatars had much in common: one religious culture, a desire for modernization from educated groups and contradictions in society. Monograph by T.Kh. Matiev shows the multiethnic world of the Russian Empire, at the same time it points to the commonality of many issues and the need for their further scientific study.

The article presents the story of the scandalous publication from Menzelinsk Uyezd, which was published in a Moscow newspaper in 1849 and provoked a series of events in public life. Based on archival documents and materials of the pre-revolutionary press, the author reconstructed the event series of the conflict situation, revealed the causes and consequences of the conflict, the motives of the parties, as well as the impact of the scandal on society. The publication is devoted to both the history of the Menzelinsk Uyezd and the specifics of how the local authorities in the provinces of the Russian Empire functioned. Therefore, the article reveals wide possibilities of micro-historical analysis.

The article presents fragments of autobiographies and memoirs of the 1960s, written by activists of the Tatar women's movement of the revolutionary years. Koyash Valitova (born in 1898), Zukhra Baimbetova (1899), Bylbyl Ilyasova (1898), Bibikhatyma Alaberdina (1901), Zeinab Bashirova (1903) worked in schools or were planning to become teachers before the revolution of 1917; during Soviet times, these women were involved in the propaganda and political work. An analysis of fragments of ego-documents showed that Soviet autobiographies of Tatar women have an element of "fight", clashes with various forces (in the family, society). Intra-family conflicts were a characteristic feature of the ego-documents of Tatar female teachers. Moreover, Soviet representations kept silent about some features of pre-revolutionary Tatar everyday life and emphasized the cultural backwardness of Muslims. A comprehensive analysis allowed us to highlight individual details of pre-revolutionary life and refute the established stereotypes. The author concludes that the use of these documents in scientific research is possible only as a supplement to less biased sources of other types.

The article restores the social and economic status of Tatar women based on documents of Orenburg Mokhammedan Religious Assembly (OMRS), state audit documents, acts of civil status, and journalistic materials of the 19th-early 20th centuries. The Menzelinsk Uyezd had class specifics and was a part of the military (canton) administration. The chronology of the article starts from the late 18th century and continues until the mid–1860s, due to the fact that at the time the state authorities approved certain laws on marriage and family life of Muslims of the Russian Empire: they changed the age of marriage and legalised inter-class marriages, the OMRS began to regulate marital disputes and inheritance cases. The author places the main focus on the marriage and family aspect of private life and includes many archival examples related to the Tatar women of the Menzelinsk Uyezd. Tatar women turned to OMRS when they needed a divorce or permission to remarry, etc. Women were independent subjects of Muslim and civil law, but they always acted with the support of their relatives. Images of Tatar women in the first half of the 19th century presented in publicistic works are a bit static. Russian authors described only the look of a Tatar woman, the cost of her clothes, accessories, etc. The Tatar view was focused on the composition of the woman's family (to whom she was married, how many children she had). The article presents the biographies of three Tatar women from the Menzelinsy Uyezd: Kurypla Imanaeva, Gulbadar Akhtyamova, and Khasiba Arduanova. Each case illustrates the main trends in everyday life in the first half of the 19th century (military service problems, the cholera epidemic, etc.). The everyday objects played an important role in interpersonal relations and conflicts. At the same time, in the second half of the 19th century, the Tatar society had an ideal of not only a hard-working and religious woman, but also an educated woman.