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The paper addresses semantics of the reciprocal marker -š in KarachayBalkar. The goal of the study is to find the semantic invariant for all interpretations
available for the affix. In most Turkic languages this suffix displays several meanings,
reciprocal-sociative polysemy being most typical. The data for the study were collected in a fieldwork expedition to the village Verkhnyaya Balkariya in KabardinoBalkar Republic. The data suggest that the suffix -š encodes four basic meanings:
reciprocal, sociative, distributive and competititve. Reciprocal clauses describe
mutual interactions, "sociative" stands for actions performed together and collectively, the distributive describes eventualities occurring at different times or locations,
and the competitive denotes collective actions performed within a competition. All
of the above normally require a plural participant. Some of the meanings also involve
other types of plurality. Distributive actions imply plurality of locations, directions
or temporal intervals. I argue that the competitive involves a plurality of degrees:
each participant of an eventuality is associated with an interval on a scale representing a contextually relevant gradable property of that eventuality. Therefore, the
meaning component underlying all of the interpretations of the affix is plurality,
while the variation comes from the fact that the plurality requirement can cut across
different semantic domains.

This article explores the linguistic and sociocultural situation of the Terek Kumyk linguistic community. Data for the study was collected in the fieldwork expedition in August 2023 in the village of Predgornoye (Mozdok district, North Ossetia - Alania). Vitality of Terek Kumyk is assessed through the age dynamics of Kumyk-Russian bilingualism. For seven age groups, their bilingual and sociocultural profiles have been identified. Linguistic generalizations were supplemented by the ethnological evidence demonstrating the role of Kumyk in establishing ethnic identity of the community. The study has demonstrated a relatively high status of Kumyk, with intergenerational transmission being full retained.

This article explores the linguistic and sociocultural situation of the Terek Kumyk linguistic community. The data for the study have been collected in the fieldwork expedition in August 2023 in the village of Predgornoye (Mozdok district, North Ossetia - Alania). The vitality of Terek Kumyk is assessed through the age dynamics of Kumyk-Russian bilingualism. In the study, 108 native speakers representing seven age groups have been interviewed. For each group, its bilingual and sociocultural profiles have been identified.