Suchergebnisse

Intro -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Abstract -- Preface -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1. Trade Portrait and Performance of the CIS Bloc -- Poor Quality of Trade Data or Trade Deflection? -- Overall Trade Performance -- Withering of Manufactured Trade -- Changing Geography of Trade -- Export Reorientation or Loss of Markets? -- Export Specialization of the CIS Countries -- Predominance of Inter-Industry Trade -- 2. Realizing Trade Potential: Openness and Trade Patterns -- Trade Openness: How Open are the CIS Countries? -- The Gravity Model: Recent Adjustments in Direction of Trade -- CIS-7: Lagging Behind in Trade Diversification and Export Performance -- Conclusion -- 3. The CIS Free Trade Area and Trade Integration -- Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) -- Standards -- Transit -- Customs Cooperation -- The CIS Bloc and the South-South Integration -- Conclusion -- 4. Conclusions and Recommendations -- Annexes -- Table A1: Merchandise Composition of Exports -- Table A2: Merchandise Trade Deficit with Major Partners -- References -- TABLES -- Table 1.1: Quality of Trade Data, 2000 -- Table 1.2: Intra-CIS Exports Minus Imports -- Table 1.3: Trade Indices of the CIS Members (1993-100) -- Table 1.4: Trade Flows and Balances of the CIS Economies, 1988-2000 -- Table 1.5: Export Composition by Sector -- Table 1.6: Geographical Composition of Exports and Imports -- Table 1.7: Merchandise Composition of CIS and Non-CIS Exports -- Table 1.8: Export Specialization Indices at the 1-digit SITC Level, 2000 -- Table 1.9: Export Specialization Index at the 2-digit SITC Level -- Table 1.10: Shares in Employment and Exports, 2000 -- Table 1.11: The Grubel-Lloyd Index -- Table 2.1: Trade Openness Models -- Table 2.2: CIS Actual vs Theoretical Openness -- Table 2.3: Potential and Realized Shares of Intra-CIS and EU Exports.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Traditional and Alternative Approaches to the Evaluation of Fiscal Adjustment -- Chapter 2. Quasi-Fiscal Activities in the FSU Countries -- Chapter 3. Armenia: Public Sector Balance and Hidden Deficit -- Chapter 4. Hidden Budget Subsidies, Quasi-Fiscal Subsidies and Contingent Liabilities in Armenia -- Chapter 5. Financing of Hidden Deficit and Ultimate Recipients of Quasi-Fiscal Subsidies -- Chapter 6. Main Policy Conclusions -- ANNEXES -- References -- TABLES -- FIGURES.

Intro -- CONTENTS -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviation and Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- 1. Macroeconomic and Fiscal Environment -- 2. Main Expenditure Trends -- 3. Off-Budget Elements of the Fiscal System -- 4. Strengthening Public Expenditure Management -- 5. Public Expenditure in the Education Sector -- 6. Public Expenditure in the Health Sector -- 7. Social Protection and Insurance -- 8. Main Financial Requirements in Public Infrastructure -- 9. Public Investments: Trends, Structure and Sources of Financing -- Annexes -- TABLES -- FIGURES -- BOXES.