Suchergebnisse

Since the mid-1970s, Vietnam experienced a period of transition to socialism, before bringing in economic reforms which led to the gradual dismantling of the subsidised system of planning and the opening up of the country to the global capitalist economy. Economic reform and renovation has important implications for the urban areas of Vietnam. The emergence of markets and the abandonment of many restrictions on travel resulted in a freeing up of the urbanisation process during the 1980s and early 1990s. These processes are considered, and the implications for Vietnam's largest urban area, Ho Chi Minh City, are examined. The likely impact of Vietnam's long-term socioeconomic strategy on the urban network in the remainder of the decade is considered.

This paper examines a group of petty commodity producers in the Indonesian city of Ujung Pandang. It is argued that in order to understand the reasons for the stagnation of petty production in the city, one must appreciate both the internal structure of petty production and also the relationship between petty production and the capitalist and peasant sectors of the economy. The transfer of economic surplus out of petty commodity production which characterises these relations is important to an understanding of the poverty of the petty producers in the city, whereas the class formation this fosters perpetuates the underdeveloped character of the economy. The same processes also mean that petty commodity production plays an important part in the reproduction of the dominant capitalist sector of production because of the support it unwittingly gives to the wage labour force.

1. Risks, resilience, and planning in Asian cities / Stephen Hamnett and Dean Forbes -- 2. Uneven geographies of vulnerability : Tokyo in the twenty-first century / Andre Sorensen -- 3. The Dragon's head : spatial development of Shanghai / Susan Walcott -- 4. Beijing : socialist Chinese capital and new world city / Gu Chaolin and Ian G. Cook -- 5. Taipei's metropolitan development : dynamics of cross-strait political economy, globalization, and national identity / Liling Huang and Reginald Yin-Wang Kwok -- 6. Seoul as a world city : the challenge of balanced development / Seong-Kyu Ha -- 7. Hong kong : the turning of the dragon head / Anthony Yeh -- 8. Singapore : planning for more with less / Belinda Yuen -- 9. Going global : development, risks, and responses in Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya / Sirat Morshidi and Asyirah Abdul Rahim -- 10. Governing the Jakarta city-region : history, challenges, risks, and strategies / Wilmar Salim and Tommy Firman -- 11. Bangkok : new risks, old resilience / Douglas Webster and Chuthatip Maneepong -- 12. Manila : metropolitan vulnerability, local resilience / Brian Roberts.

This paper reviews recent work on community asset transfers (CAT): a transfer of management of facilities from the public sector to the third sector, largely led by volunteers. The emergence of CATs is placed in the context of the development of community organisations and their relation to the state. Transfer has been stimulated by cuts in local government budgets since 2010. The review focusses on leisure facilities because these are non-statutory and so more vulnerable to cuts in public expenditure. The experience of CATs is reviewed, including: the motivations of local government and volunteers; the transfer process and management of CATs post-transfer; and the market position of facility types. The methodological approaches and theoretical frameworks used in research are contrasted; in particular, how these have balanced agency and structure in analysing a contested neoliberalist discourse. The practicalities of research in this area are considered before concluding with research questions.

Data from the National Center for Health Statistics, 1989-1991, are drawn on to examine differentials in pregnancy outcomes across Hispanic groups & to address the question of whether, in addition to Mexican Americans, other Hispanic populations are characterized by an "epidemiologic paradox," ie, a combination of a high-risk sociodemographic profile & favorable pregnancy outcomes. Logistic regression analyses indicate that, except among Puerto Ricans, rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes among Hispanics are rather similar to Anglo rates. The adjusted odds of prematurity & low birthweight, however, are significantly higher than the Anglo risk for all Hispanic groups, while the odds of Hispanic infant mortality are significantly lower. Maternal smoking, low weight gain, & low education significantly increase the risk of adverse outcomes, as do both inadequate & "adequate plus" prenatal care. The paradox is reversed in the case of birth outcomes, but remains in the case of infant mortality. The similarity in the direction of effects of risk factors regardless of ethnicity implies that interventions that improve pregnancy outcomes for one group will also benefit others. 5 Tables, 30 References. Adapted from the source document.

Expands on the question of the cause of death through use of a 5-year data set of consistently coded infant death records, which also allows comparison of Mexican American and Anglo infants. Timing is generally not a valid proxy of cause structure, but important variation over time and by ethnicity sheds additional light on mortality transition differentials. (Abstract amended)

For all major Hispanic groups in the US, despite high-risk profiles, adjusted infant mortality rates are similar to, or more favorable than, those for non-Hispanic whites. Using the Linked Birth & Infant Death Data files from NCHS for 1989-1991, a relatively new approach to cause-of-death classification is employed in which deaths are categorized by a typology that focuses on causes most likely to be affected by similar prevention strategies. Also utilized is a refinement of the conventional measure of compromised birth outcome, which includes a component of maturity not typically included in social science research. Findings show that most Hispanic groups have quite similar distributions of infant death by cause category, &, unlike the situation among adults, the distributions are similar to those among Anglos. The cause-by-outcome patterns extend partly to the four leading causes of infant death, with Puerto Ricans being the most likely to show disparate patterns. The most important findings from multinomial logistic regression models explain (& reduce) observed differentials & suggest that, should Hispanics experience risk profiles identical to those of Anglos, cause-specific differences would be reduced & might disappear for all Hispanic groups. 4 Tables, 27 References. Adapted from the source document.

Explores the adult mortality experience of Hispanic subgroups in comparison with non-Hispanic whites (Anglos), using the National Health Interview Survey-Multiple Cause of Death linked data set, 1986-1995. Moderate overall differences are found across the Hispanic subgroups, with Puerto Ricans demonstrating the highest overall mortality, compared with that of Anglos, & Central/South Americans showing the lowest. With a few notable exceptions, controlling for the complete set of mortality risk factors yields lower overall, sex-specific, age-specific, & cause-specific mortality for the Hispanic subgroups compared with that of non-Hispanic whites. Thus, the epidemiologic paradox -- the combination of a high-risk sociodemographic profile & favorable mortality outcomes -- applies to all Hispanic adult subgroups, although it is most striking among Mexican Americans. 4 Tables, 30 References. Adapted from the source document.