Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- The broadening and deepening of welfare conditionality -- Conditionality, austerity and public opinion -- Conditionality and social control -- This book -- 2 The context for conditionality -- Targeting -- Generosity -- Entitlement -- Concluding comments -- 3 The techniques of conditionality -- Behavioural requirements -- Monitoring and verification -- Sanctions -- Incentives -- Concluding comments -- 4 The subjects of conditionality -- Unemployed people -- Tackling an underclass? The Anglosphere debate -- A need to activate? The European debate -- Targeting young people -- Expanding the reach to sick and disabled people -- Low-income families with children -- Social tenants -- Homeless people -- Enforcement -- Conditionality and coercion -- Persuasion -- Concluding comments -- 5 The impacts of conditionality -- Behavioural assumptions -- The challenge from behavioural economics -- More fundamental challenges -- Finding a middle ground -- Effectiveness -- Unintended, spill-over and scar effects -- Costs -- Alternatives -- Concluding comments -- 6 The ethics of conditionality -- Conditionality as an ethical 'problem' -- Rights -- Utilitarianism -- Contractualism -- Communitarianism -- Paternalism -- Social justice -- Concluding comments -- 7 Conclusions -- Putting conditionality in the spotlight -- Putting conditionality to the test -- Putting conditionality in context -- Bibliography -- Index

'Destitution' has re-entered the lexicon of UK social policy in the 2010s, highlighted by the rapid growth of food banks and rough sleeping in a context of controversial welfare reforms and austerity policies, yet theoretical literature on this remains limited. Specialist surveys have been developed to measure and profile these phenomena, but these remain separate from the mainstream statistical approach to poverty, which relies heavily on large-scale household surveys. Evidence from recent work in this area, including qualitative evidence, is very suggestive of risk and driving factors, but it is difficult to weigh the relative importance of different factors or to predict the effects of policy measures. A composite survey approach is developed, linking a specialised survey targeting households at risk of destitution with a major national household panel dataset, to enable predictive models to be fitted to data including significant representation of hard-to-reach and non-household populations. Models predicting destitution and food bank usage are developed and compared, highlighting the roles of key factors. Vignettes are used to show how the risks vary dramatically between households in different situations. The potential role of such models in micro-simulation or prediction of impacts of different scenarios is discussed.

This paper examines recent responses to 'problematic street culture' in England, where increasing pressure has been exerted to prevent people from begging and street drinking in public spaces, with rough sleeping also targeted in some areas. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with enforcement agents, support providers and targeted individuals, it assesses the extent to which the strategies employed are indicative of a 'revanchist expulsion' of the deviant Other and/or an expression of 'coercive care' for the vulnerable Other. It concludes that, whilst the recent developments appear, at first glance, to be symptomatic of revanchist sanitisation of public space, closer examination reveals that the situation is actually much more complex than a revanchist reading of the situation might suggest, and perhaps not as devoid of compassion.

Begging has become highly visible in the urban centres of Britain in recent years, yet the experiences and motivations of people involved in this activity have remained underresearched. This paper explores the implications for social policy arising from a detailed study of begging in Glasgow and Edinburgh. It reassesses the common understanding of begging as a 'homelessness issue' and demonstrates that, while rough sleeping was almost invariably implicated in people's routes into begging in these cities, securing accommodation was far from a guaranteed 'route out'. It emphasises the need for holistic services and effective policy co-ordination in responding to the wide-ranging social exclusion of people who beg. It also explores the importance, and difficulties, of securing their active involvement in policy and service development.

Abstract'Value pluralism' is a strand of analytical philosophy that posits the plurality of morally significant values. By enabling systematic mapping of the diversity of moral registers within which social policy concerns might legitimately be considered, we contend that value pluralist-inspired analysis can aid constructive policy dialogue. Our argument is founded on four claims: first, as a matter of normative principle, value pluralism represents a defensible ethical standpoint; second, as a matter of fact, people are attracted to a plurality of moral values; third, as a matter of democratic legitimacy, pluralism offers a means of (partially) reconciling rival moral claims; fourth, as a matter of political strategy, pluralism offers a pragmatic approach that can engage protagonists on their own terms. To demonstrate its efficacy, we apply this pluralist approach to the vexed question of welfare conditionality, which we interrogate via six normative perspectives (rights, utilitarianism, contractualism, communitarianism, paternalism and social justice).

The rhetoric and practice of localism has attracted significant support within both political and academic circles in the UK in recent years. However, it is the contention of this article that there are, or should be, limits to localism as applied to the basic citizenship rights of vulnerable people. Drawing on a ten-year, mixed-methods study, we use the example of sharply rising homelessness in England to illustrate our argument that localist policymaking has an intrinsic tendency to disadvantage socially marginalised groups. While we acknowledge the central role played by austerity in driving up homelessness over the past decade, we advance the case that the post-2010 localist agenda of successive UK governments has also had an independent and malign effect. At the very least, we seek to demonstrate that localism cannot be viewed as a taken-for-granted progressive model, with centralism (that is, the consistent implementation of a policy across a whole country) also perfectly defensible on progressive grounds in relevant circumstances.

Street homelessness policies often provoke great intensity of feeling, especially when they include elements of force. This paper considers the moral case stakeholders present for and against enforcement in street homelessness policies via a series of philosophically informed normative 'lenses', including paternalist, utilitarian, rights-based, contractualist, mutualist and social justice perspectives. Drawing on in-depth qualitative research in six UK cities, it highlights the disparity between the condemnatory portrayals of enforcement dominant in academic and media discourses, and the more complex and/or ambivalent views held by practitioners and homeless people 'on the ground'. It concludes that an analytical framework that pays systematic attention to this span of normative lenses can facilitate more constructive, even if still 'difficult', conversations about policy interventions in this exceptionally sensitive area.

This paper interrogates pathways into multiple exclusion homelessness (MEH) in the UK and, informed by a critical realist theoretical framework, explores the potential causal processes underlying these pathways. Drawing on an innovative multistage quantitative survey, it identifies five experiential clusters within the MEH population, based on the extent and complexity of experiences of homelessness, substance misuse, institutional care, street culture activities and adverse life events. It demonstrates that the most complex forms of MEH are associated with childhood trauma. It also reveals that the temporal sequencing of MEH-relevant experiences is remarkably consistent, with substance misuse and mental health problems tending to occur early in individual pathways, and homelessness and a range of adverse life events typically occurring later. The strong inference is that these later-occurring events are largely consequences rather than originating causes of MEH, which has important implications for the conceptualisation of, and policy responses to, deep exclusion.

This article presents preliminary results from a multi-stage quantitative study of 'multiple exclusion homelessness' (MEH) in seven urban locations across the UK. It demonstrates a very high degree of overlap between a range of experiences associated with 'deep social exclusion' – namely, homelessness, substance misuse, institutional care and 'street culture' activities (such as begging and street drinking). It also provides evidence to support the contention that homelessness is a particularly prevalent form of exclusion, with its experience reported as widespread by those accessing low threshold support services targeted at other dimensions of deep exclusion, such as drug misuse. Further, the analysis presented indicates that the nature of MEH varies geographically, with the profile of the population affected looking quite different in Westminster (London) than in the other urban locations. The main explanation for this appears to be the exceptionally high proportion of migrants in the MEH population in Westminster, who tend to report lower overall levels of personal trauma and vulnerability than the indigenous MEH population.

English
This article reviews the nature and effectiveness of youth involvement in urban regeneration. Drawing on the findings of a substantial UK-wide study, it highlights the limited achievements of youth participation in urban regeneration thus far and the profound difficulties involved in promoting youth empowerment. However, it argues that there are important lessons to be learned about the future direction of youth participation in urban regeneration from the early 'pioneers' of involvement strategies. Moreover, it contends that youth participation projects offer opportunities to promote local social cohesion, and that the experience derived from these initiatives can contribute to debates on young people and democratic renewal.

This article reviews the nature & effectiveness of youth involvement in urban regeneration. Drawing on the findings of a substantial UK-wide study, it highlights the limited achievements of youth participation in urban regeneration thus far & the profound difficulties involved in promoting youth empowerment. However, it argues that there are important lessons to be learned about the future direction of youth participation in urban regeneration from the early "pioneers" of involvement strategies. Moreover, it contends that youth participation projects offer opportunities to promote local social cohesion, & that the experience derived from these initiatives can contribute to debates on young people & democratic renewal. 1 Table, 31 References. Adapted from the source document.