Suchergebnisse

Regulations are highly influential in shaping urban places and architectural form. This paper investigates the impact of changing regulation on the working practices of architects. First, it outlines how the building regulations have grown in scope and complexity, especially with regard to energy regulations. Secondly, the relationship of regulation and design is explored, showing a shift from a dialectic of constraint and autonomy to one of interpretation of pathways. This is partly linked to performance-based regulation and weak state enforcement. Thirdly, the response of architects to this emerging mode of design is identified. The division of labour in the design process changes, with the architect focusing increasingly on intermediation. Finally, opportunities and threats to architects and their role are examined.

Der Begriff der »Ausstrahlungswirkung« wird in zahlreichen Zusammenhängen herangezogen, um die Übertragung der Wertungen bzw. Regelungen einer Norm über ihren Anwendungsbereich hinaus auf eine andere Norm zu erklären. Insbesondere im Spannungsverhältnis bankaufsichtsrechtlicher zu aktienrechtlichen Geschäftsorganisationspflichten taucht der Begriff immer wieder auf. Die methodischen Grundlagen einer Ausstrahlungswirkung sind jedoch nie geklärt worden. -- Der Autor untersucht, was unter Ausstrahlungswirkungen zu verstehen ist, welche Arten denkbar sind, und wie diese sich in das methodenrechtliche Gefüge zwischen Auslegung, Analogie und lex specialis-Grundsatz einfügen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Bedeutung einer Ausstrahlung für die Koordination von öffentlichem Recht und Zivilrecht. Im Detail geht der Autor auf die Anforderungen an Compliance und Risikomanagement im Bankaufsichts- und im Aktienrecht ein und zeigt, dass eine Ausstrahlungswirkung nur im Einzelfall und unter strengen Voraussetzungen angenommen werden kann. /»›Radiating Effects‹ within the Law« -- The author analyzes the impact (»radiating effects«) of the German Banking Supervisory Law on the German Stock Corporation Law based on the example of Compliance and Risk Management. He focuses on the methodical principles of such »radiation« and examines its relation to other instruments that serve to transfer the assessment of a clause to another, such as the analogy or the $alex speciali$zs-doctrine. The author explains moreover the relevance of radiations in the context of coordinating Public and Civil Law.

Abstract. Rheological models for granular materials play an important role in the numerical simulation of dry dense snow avalanches. This article describes the application of a physically based model from the field of kinetic theory to snow avalanche simulations. The fundamental structure of the so-called extended kinetic theory is outlined and the decisive model behavior for avalanches is identified. A simplified relation, covering the basic features of the extended kinetic theory, is developed and implemented into an operational avalanche simulation software. To test the obtained friction relation, simulation results are compared to velocity and runout observations of avalanches, recorded from different field tests. As reference we utilize a classic phenomenological friction relation, which is commonly applied for hazard estimation. The quantitative comparison is based on the combination of normalized residuals of different observation variables in order to take into account the quality of the simulations in various regards. It is demonstrated that the extended kinetic theory provides a physically based explanation for the structure of phenomenological friction relations. The friction relation derived with the help of the extended kinetic theory shows advantages to the classic phenomenological friction, in particular when different events and various observation variables are investigated.

The article draws on two separate studies employing developmental vignettes (hypothetical scenarios which unfold through a series of stages) to interview research participants. One study used the 'Davie' vignette, which was a conventional fixed narrative, while in the second, the 'Jack and Jenny' vignettes were made interactive by hyperlinking a series of PowerPoint scenarios and making the choice of the succeeding slide dependent on the interviewee's reaction to its predecessor. Our analytic standpoint, in respect of both vignettes, is that of Schutzian phenomenology. We point to differences in both topical and motivational relevances in the processes of interpretation undergone by participants in considering the vignette scenario and in the situation of action. However, we show that research participants' responses to vignettes can yield data of interest in their own right as participants perform 'Thou-orientations' and 'They-orientations' in their consideration of the stimuli. We close with a comparative evaluation of the fixed 'Davie' and the interactive 'Jack and Jenny' vignettes.

Habitat richness, that is, the diversity of ecosystem types, is a complex, spatially explicit aspect of biodiversity, which is affected by bioclimatic, geographic, and anthropogenic variables. The distribution of habitat types is a key component for understanding broad-scale biodiversity and for developing conservation strategies. We used data on the distribution of European Union (EU) habitats to answer the following questions: (i) how do bioclimatic, geographic, and anthropogenic variables affect habitat richness? (ii) Which of those factors is the most important? (iii) How do interactions among these variables influence habitat richness and which combinations produce the strongest interactions? The distribution maps of 222 terrestrial habitat types as defined by the Natura 2000 network were used to calculate habitat richness for the 10 km × 10 km EU grid map. We then investigated how environmental variables affect habitat richness, using generalized linear models, generalized additive models, and boosted regression trees. The main factors associated with habitat richness were geographic variables, with negative relationships observed for both latitude and longitude, and a positive relationship for terrain ruggedness. Bioclimatic variables played a secondary role, with habitat richness increasing slightly with annual mean temperature and overall annual precipitation. We also found an interaction between anthropogenic variables, with the combination of increased landscape fragmentation and increased population density strongly decreasing habitat richness. This is the first attempt to disentangle spatial patterns of habitat richness at the continental scale, as a key tool for protecting biodiversity. The number of European habitats is related to geography more than climate and human pressure, reflecting a major component of biogeographical patterns similar to the drivers observed at the species level. The interaction between anthropogenic variables highlights the need for coordinated, continental-scale management plans for biodiversity conservation. ; Research contributing to this study was funded by the project "Development of a National Plan for Biodiversity Monitoring" (Italian National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research – ISPRA). BIOME Group was partially supported by the H2020 SHOWCASE (Grant agreement No 862480) and by the H2020 COST Action CA17134 'Optical synergies for spatiotemporal sensing of scalable ecophysiological traits (SENECO)'.