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Abstract
This article explores the cooperation of government and the private sector to tackle the ethical dimension of artificial intelligence (AI). The argument draws on the institutionalist approach in philosophy and business ethics defending a 'division of moral labor' between governments and the private sector (Rawls 2001; Scheffler and Munoz-Dardé 2005). The goal and main contribution of this article is to explain how this approach can provide ethical guidelines to the AI industry and to highlight the limits of self-regulation. In what follows, I discuss three institutionalist claims. First, principles of AI ethics should be validated through legitimate democratic processes. Second, compliance with these principles should be secured in a stable way. Third, their implementation in practice should be as efficient as possible. If we accept these claims, there are good reasons to conclude that, in many cases, governments implementing hard regulation are in principle (if not yet in practice) the best instruments to secure an ethical development of AI systems. Where adequate regulation exists, firms should respect the law. But when regulation does not yet exist, helping governments build adequate regulation should be businesses' ethical priority, not self-regulation.

This article explores the cooperation of government and the private sector to tackle the ethical dimension of artificial intelligence (AI). The argument draws on the institutionalist approach in philosophy and business ethics defending a 'division of moral labor' between governments and the private sector (Rawls 2001; Scheffler and Munoz-Dardé 2005). The goal and main contribution of this article is to explain how this approach can provide ethical guidelines to the AI industry and to highlight the limits of self-regulation. In what follows, I discuss three institutionalist claims. First, principles of AI ethics should be validated through legitimate democratic processes. Second, compliance with these principles should be secured in a stable way. Third, their implementation in practice should be as efficient as possible. If we accept these claims, there are good reasons to conclude that, in many cases, governments implementing hard regulation are in principle (if not yet in practice) the best instruments to secure an ethical development of AI systems. Where adequate regulation exists, firms should respect the law. But when regulation does not yet exist, helping governments build adequate regulation should be businesses' ethical priority, not self-regulation.

I argue in this thesis that liberal egalitarian principles of justice require public institutions to promote egalitarian organizations such as workers cooperatives. In the first part, while adopting the general framework of liberal egalitarianism, I try to dissipate some ambiguities and to solve some problems within the theory. In the second part, I use these modifications to the theory to propose two arguments demonstrating that any system tolerating inegalitarian organizations will necessarily fail to correct all the unjust inequalities they create and thus fail to realize a fully just society. I demonstrate more specifically that Welfare State Capitalism, even in its strongest version, is always insufficient to realize all the requirements of justice. The first argument consists in demonstrating that a Strong Welfare State Capitalism may succeed in distributing income and capital fairly through taxation, but that it will fail to realize a just distribution of all other primary goods such as protection from domination, self-governing capacities, and self-respect. The second argument demonstrates that the redistributive policies supposed to correct unjust inequalities created by inegalitarian organizations are not stable over time. If these arguments are correct, it becomes necessary to promote egalitarian organizations to realize justice. In the third part, I apply this general argument to one specific case: the organization of production. I argue in favor of concrete public policies promoting specific types of worker cooperatives because they tend to create less inequality. But my argument also applies to other organizations in various sectors of the economy such as risk management, finance, consumption, housing and so on. The contribution of this thesis is to justify a System of egalitarian organizations in which public institutions would do what is necessary to promote egalitarian organizations in all sectors of the economy. ; (FILO - Philosophie) -- UCL, 2016

I argue in this thesis that liberal egalitarian principles of justice require public institutions to promote egalitarian organizations such as workers cooperatives. In the first part, while adopting the general framework of liberal egalitarianism, I try to dissipate some ambiguities and to solve some problems within the theory. In the second part, I use these modifications to the theory to propose two arguments demonstrating that any system tolerating inegalitarian organizations will necessarily fail to correct all the unjust inequalities they create and thus fail to realize a fully just society. I demonstrate more specifically that Welfare State Capitalism, even in its strongest version, is always insufficient to realize all the requirements of justice. The first argument consists in demonstrating that a Strong Welfare State Capitalism may succeed in distributing income and capital fairly through taxation, but that it will fail to realize a just distribution of all other primary goods such as protection from domination, self-governing capacities, and self-respect. The second argument demonstrates that the redistributive policies supposed to correct unjust inequalities created by inegalitarian organizations are not stable over time. If these arguments are correct, it becomes necessary to promote egalitarian organizations to realize justice. In the third part, I apply this general argument to one specific case: the organization of production. I argue in favor of concrete public policies promoting specific types of worker cooperatives because they tend to create less inequality. But my argument also applies to other organizations in various sectors of the economy such as risk management, finance, consumption, housing and so on. The contribution of this thesis is to justify a System of egalitarian organizations in which public institutions would do what is necessary to promote egalitarian organizations in all sectors of the economy. ; (FILO - Philosophie) -- UCL, 2016

Résumé L'aide au développement est la stratégie la plus couramment adoptée dans la réduction des inégalités Nord / Sud qui est le véritable défi de la justice globale. L'idéal redistributif sur lequel repose l'aide au développement est non seulement mal assuré au plan normatif, mais se révèle peu efficace sur le plan pratique. Peter Dietsch et Thomas Ferretti plaident, exemple à l'appui, pour une justice institutionnelle qui modifierait les rapports économiques entre pays en les plaçant sur un pied d'égalité.