Suchergebnisse

The difficulty of storage and conservation of entomopathogenic nematodes (ENPs) is one of the major obstacles for the expansion of its use in the control of biological pest and in the maintenance of collections of these organisms. The objective of this study was to evaluate cryopreservation as a storage and conservation method for ENPs, using glycerol as cryoprotectant. Infective juveniles (IJs) of the species Heterorhabditis amazonensis (RSC 05), H. bacteriophora (HP88), Steinernema feltiae (Sn) and S. carpocapse (IBCB-n02) were subjected to the following treatments: (A) immersion in glycerol at different concentrations (10, 13 and 15%); (B) different exposure times of the isolates to glycerol (24 and 48 hours); and (C) two freezing times in liquid nitrogen (LN) at –196 ºC (24 and 168 hours). Each treatment was replicated four times, and the design was completely randomized in a factorial 3x2x2 (glycerol concentrations x glycerol exposure time x freezing time in LN). IJs survival was evaluated after each exposure time to glycerol and freezing time in LN. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by the Tukey test. S. feltiae and S. carpocapse survived when exposed to glycerol at 10, 13 and 15% for 24 and 48 hours. After storage in LN for 24 and 168 hours, only S. feltiae survived when exposed to glycerol for 48 hours at concentrations of 10, 13 and 15%, with 40.5; 58.2; and 57.7% survival, respectively. S. feltiae was able to infect Galleria mellonella larvae after freezing. However, for the freezing time of 168 hours, 90% reduction in infectivity was observed.

Infestations of Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas; Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in corn and wheat in Brazil, and the subsequent damage, have increased in recent years, mainly owing to this insect's ability to survive the off-season. The control of this insect is mainly carried out with chemical insecticides, but the development of alternative methods, such as biological control, can contribute to a more sustainable management. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) for the control of D. melacanthus. A selection test was performed with 15 isolates of genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis regarding their pathogenicity and virulence on adults of D. melacanthus. Concentration (10, 20, 40, 50, and 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/cm2) and greenhouse tests were carried out only with the Steinernema feltiae isolate (IBCB-n 47). All experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. The selection test data were submitted to the Scott-Knott averages test (P ? 0.05), and those from the greenhouse test to the Student's t-test. The results of the concentration assay were subjected to regression analysis. All isolates showed pathogenicity and virulence in adults of D. melacanthus. The isolates GL (Heterorhabditis amazonensis), IBCB-n27 (Steinernema sp.), and RSC05 (H. amazonensis) were the most virulent (80.0, 82.0, and 88.0% mortality, respectively). The higher concentrations of S. feltiae (50 and 100 IJs/cm²) were responsible for the highest mortality rates of green belly stink bug (88.0 and 86.0%, respectively). In the greenhouse test, S. feltiae caused higher mortality (38%) than the control.

Attack by the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei causes significant damage to coffee crops because it affects the quality of the coffee fruit during different developmental stages, which results in production losses. Control of the borer is difficult owing to its cryptic behavior and the fact that it spends its entire life cycle inside the coffee berries. This makes it difficult for natural enemies to reach it, as well as for it to come into contact with chemical insecticides. The objective of the present study was to select and evaluate the virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) on the coffee berry borer H. hampei and their compatibility with the insecticide cyantraniliprole under laboratory conditions. Initially, the pathogenicity and virulence of 16 isolates of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis towards coffee berry borer larvae and adults were evaluated. The most virulent isolates to both larvae and adults were determined by topical inoculation tests in coffee fruits (berries) infested by the insect, using a concentration of 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/fruit. The same isolates were also evaluated for viability and infectivity when combined with cyantraniliprole. The isolates S. feltiae (IBCB-n 47) and Heterorhabditis amazonensis (GL) displayed the highest virulence towards adults (54%). For larvae, we observed a high virulence of S. feltiae, Heterorhabditis amazonensis, Heterorhabditis indica, Heterorhabditis sp. (JPM4), Heterorhabditis sp. (NEPET 11), Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 46), and Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 44) that promoted 100% mortality. Regarding the topical inoculation test on infested fruits, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 46) were unable to penetrate the fruit through the hole made by the borer, infect, and cause the death of insects. Cyantraniliprole formulation affected the viability of IJs of S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis sp. (IBCB-n 46), mainly after 48 h of exposure.

A avicultura de corte brasileira tem investido, constantemente, em inovações tecnológicas, permitindo novos conceitos de sistemas de produção de frangos de corte. Esses avanços se devem à caracterização do clima e tipologias de aviários abertos, que sempre colocaram o Brasil em uma circunstância benéfica, em evidência pelos resultados de desempenho e bem-estar das aves. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o ambiente termohigrométrico de aviários de frango de corte colonial, localizados na mesorregião do médio norte mato-grossense, zona rural do município de Barra do Bugres, Mato Grosso. Amiúde, procedeu-se às caracterizações macro e microclimáticas do ambiente com o auxílio de uma plataforma micro controlada por sensor convencional. A avaliação foi feita com base na temperatura do ar (ºC) e umidade relativa do ar (%), em diferentes períodos do dia. As coletas de dados foram realizadas para a estação quente-úmida e quente-seca. Constatou-se influência das tipologias dos materiais usados ao observar que a maioria destes corrobora com características de serem condutores térmicos, influenciando nos resultados expostos as condições de conforto. Neste contexto, o conforto térmico é um elemento fundamental na garantia de uma boa condição ambiental, devendo haver uma preocupação quanto à escolha dos materiais na concepção dos projetos de instalações avícolas, buscando-se assim minimizar fatores, que possam interferir no rendimento dos frangos de corte, bem como identificar estratégias e alternativas viáveis para a realidade da região de estudo.Palavras-chave: Microclima. Tipologias de Construção. Avicultura de Corte.AbstractBrazilian broilers faming has constantly invested in technological innovations, allowing new concepts of production systems for broilers. These advances are the characterization of its climate and types of open aviaries, which always put Brazil in beneficial circumstances, highlighted by the results of performance and the poultries' well-being. The objective of this research was to evaluate the termohigrometro environment of colonial broilers aviaries, located in Middle North region of Mato Grosso, rural municipality of Barra do Bugres, Mato Grosso. Frequently, it was undertaken the macro and microclimate characterisations of the environment with the aid of a micro platform controlled by conventional sensor. The evaluation was made based on air temperature (° C) and relative humidity (%) at different times of the day. Data collections were carried out for the hot-humid and hot-dry. It was observed the influence of types of materials used to observe that most of these corroborate with features as being thermal conductors, influencing the results exposed the conditions of comfort, in this context, the thermal comfort is a key element in ensuring a good environmental condition, and should be a concern about the choice of materials in the design of poultry facilities projects, thus seeking to minimize factors that may interfere with the performance of the broilers as well as identify strategies and viable alternatives to the reality of the region of studyKeywords: Microclimate. Types of construction. Poultry farming.

The objective of this study was to describe phenotypically and biochemically the symbiotic bacteria associated with three populations of Heterorhabditis amazonensis Andalo et al., 2006 (isolates: UEL-n 01, UEL-n 07, and UEL-n 08) and evaluate their pathogenicity on Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Bacteria were isolated by maceration of infective juveniles (IJs) and grown in culture medium (NBTA and MacConkey). The characterization of the bacteria was evaluated by employing motility test and biochemical tests like Gram staining, lipase activity, protease, and lecithinase. The production of antibiotics and bioluminescence was also evaluated. The pathogenicity was evaluated on the last instar larvae of G. mellonella at a concentration of 104 cells/mL. The bacteria from the three entomopathogenic nematodes isolates were positive for all biochemical tests except for lecithinase, and have presented bioluminescence when subjected to ultraviolet light, indicating that they belong to the genus Photorhabdus sp. Both were pathogenic to G. mellonella larvae causing 93.3 to 100.0% mortality.

Objetivou-se selecionar isolados nativos de nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) e avaliar o efeito da cama de aviário na sua patogenicidade e virulência, visando o controle do cascudinho de aviário. Foram utilizados 18 isolados (Steinernema e Heterorhabditis) no teste de seleção e os três isolados mais virulentos foram utilizados no teste de concentrações (10, 20, 40, 50 juvenis infectantes (JIs)/cm²). O efeito da cama de aviário (nova e velha) foi avaliado sobre S. feltiae (IBCB-n 47), S. carpocapse (IBCB-n 02), H. bacteriophora e H. amazonensis (UEL 08). Os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os dados do teste de seleção e efeito da cama foram submetidos ao teste de médias Scott-Knott (P?0,05) e, do teste de concentrações à análise de regressão. Observou-se no teste de seleção para adultos, que os três isolados mais virulentos foram Heterorhabditis amazonensis (UEL 07), H. amazonensis (RSC 05) e Steinernema carpocapsae (IBCB-n 02) com 76,5; 73,5; 70% mortalidade respectivamente. Para larvas, Heterorhabditis sp. (NEPETT 11), S. feltiae (IBCB-n 47), H. amazonensis. (UEL 07) foram os mais virulentos e causaram 100; 96; 93,7% de mortalidade respectivamente. No teste de concentrações, a maior mortalidade em adultos (98%) e larvas (98%) foi observada para S. feltiae nas concentrações de 30 JIs/cm² e 50JIs/cm² respectivamente. Com relação ao efeito da cama de aviário, observou-se que S. feltiae (IBCB-n 47) e S. carpocapse (IBCB-n 02) causaram as maiores mortalidade tanto em cama nova (60,7 e 58,7%) quanto em cama velha (80 e 74,7%) respectivamente.