Suchergebnisse

Social sciences have experienced the return of institutions into the main research agenda, and a new institutionalism has been developed to understand the role of institutions. The award of the 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics to the political scientist Elinor Ostrom for her "analysis of economic governance, especially the commons" has promoted the recognition of modern institutional analysis and resized contemporary political economy. This paper is an integral approach to Ostrom's contributions and analyzes the evolution of her thinking throughout the major advances of her work over time. Her early contributions on public policy and polycentric systems, her seminal study on social norms in the governance of the commons, the focus on social capital and her multi-level framework of socio-ecological systems are her main contributions on polycentric governance. ; Las ciencias sociales han experimentado el retorno de las instituciones a su agenda principal de investigación,y un nuevo institucionalismo se ha desarrollado para comprender el papel de las instituciones. Laconcesión del premio Nobel de Economía de 2009 a la politóloga Elinor Ostrom por su "análisis de lagobernanza económica, especialmente sobre los comunes" ha impulsado el reconocimiento del análisisinstitucional moderno y redimensionado la economía política contemporánea. Este artículo realiza unaaproximación integral a las aportaciones ostromianas y analiza la evolución de su pensamiento a través delos principales avances que se suceden en su obra a lo largo del tiempo. Sus primeras contribuciones sobresistemas policéntricos y políticas públicas, su aportación seminal sobre la gobernanza de los comunes, elenfoque del capital social y su marco teórico multinivel de sistemas socioecológicos constituyen sus principalesaportaciones sobre la gobernanza policéntrica.

[Abstract] The economic crisis in Spain (2008–2012) led to a massive decrease in the feed-in tariff on photovoltaic solar energy production, which caused stagnation in the growth of this market. The objective of this paper is to analyze how institutional changes have affected the structure of the market; for this purpose, concentration and stability indices have been calculated. The analysis period is from 2004 to 2018 and data from 5,353 firms in the sector have been used. The results of the analysis show that the incentive policy increased the degree of competition and attracted mostly small companies. This was due to the profitability guaranteed by the premiums. Despite the progressive decrease in the number of companies since the cancellation of the premium policy, concentration in the sector is low. However, from 2016 onwards there has been an increase in the degree of concentration. This is because we are facing the beginning of a new photovoltaic "boom" in Spain, this time led by large companies, attracted both by a new legislative turn and by the low costs of photovoltaic technology. ; Xunta de Galicia; ED431C2018/48 ; Xunta de Galicia; ED431E2018/07 ; Xunta de Galicia; ED481B2018/095 ; The authors acknowledge financial support from Xunta de Galicia, Spain (ED431C2018/48 and ED431E2018/07) and from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Spain (RTI2018-099225-B-100). Raquel Fernández-González also thanks for financial support of the Postdoctoral Program Xunta de Galicia, Spain under grant ED481B2018/095

The economic crisis in Spain (2008–2012) led to a massive decrease in the feed-in tariff on photovoltaic solar energy production, which caused stagnation in the growth of this market. The objective of this paper is to analyze how institutional changes have affected the structure of the market; for this purpose, concentration and stability indices have been calculated. The analysis period is from 2004 to 2018 and data from 5,353 firms in the sector have been used. The results of the analysis show that the incentive policy increased the degree of competition and attracted mostly small companies. This was due to the profitability guaranteed by the premiums. Despite the progressive decrease in the number of companies since the cancellation of the premium policy, concentration in the sector is low. However, from 2016 onwards there has been an increase in the degree of concentration. This is because we are facing the beginning of a new photovoltaic "boom" in Spain, this time led by large companies, attracted both by a new legislative turn and by the low costs of photovoltaic technology. ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C2018/48 ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431E2018/07 ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B2018/095 ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. RTI2018-099225-B-100

The economic crisis in Spain (2008–2012) led to a massive decrease in the feed-in tariff on photovoltaic solar energy production, which caused stagnation in the growth of this market. The objective of this paper is to analyze how institutional changes have affected the structure of the market; for this purpose, concentration and stability indices have been calculated. The analysis period is from 2004 to 2018 and data from 5,353 firms in the sector have been used. The results of the analysis show that the incentive policy increased the degree of competition and attracted mostly small companies. This was due to the profitability guaranteed by the premiums. Despite the progressive decrease in the number of companies since the cancellation of the premium policy, concentration in the sector is low. However, from 2016 onwards there has been an increase in the degree of concentration. This is because we are facing the beginning of a new photovoltaic "boom" in Spain, this time led by large companies, attracted both by a new legislative turn and by the low costs of photovoltaic technology. ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431C2018/48 ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431E2018/07 ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED481B2018/095 ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. RTI2018-099225-B-100

In 2012, the Argentine government expropriated 51% of the shares of Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales S.A. (YPF) from the Spanish company Repsol S.A. The YPF was nationalized without prior compensation, violating Argentina's own laws and, consequently, the institutional framework in force in the country. As a consequence, the country's reputation deteriorated and, although there were several contacts with multinational enterprises to become YPF's new partner, the investment climate was affected, making it really difficult to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In order to attract these investments after the expropriation, the Argentine government understands that it is necessary to settle the legal proceedings with Repsol. In order to avoid an imperfect judicial procedure of long duration and with high transaction costs, both parties reached a settlement agreement. This paper presents an institutional economic analysis of expropriation, contextualizing it within the Argentine institutional framework and studying the trajectory of the nationalization of YPF. In this way, it seeks to contextualize institutionally the Argentine government's decision and the impact it has had on both the FDI and the credibility of the country's institutional framework. It also analyzes how the resolution of the conflict occurs through an agreement between the parties that avoids the judicial process, given its high transaction costs. ; FEDER | Ref. (ED431C2018/48 and ED431E2018/07) ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. (ED431C2018/48 and ED431E2018/07) ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. (RTI2018-099225-B-100)

In 2012, the Argentine government expropriated 51% of the shares of Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales S.A. (YPF) from the Spanish company Repsol S.A. The YPF was nationalized without prior compensation, violating Argentina's own laws and, consequently, the institutional framework in force in the country. As a consequence, the country's reputation deteriorated and, although there were several contacts with multinational enterprises to become YPF's new partner, the investment climate was affected, making it really difficult to attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). In order to attract these investments after the expropriation, the Argentine government understands that it is necessary to settle the legal proceedings with Repsol. In order to avoid an imperfect judicial procedure of long duration and with high transaction costs, both parties reached a settlement agreement. This paper presents an institutional economic analysis of expropriation, contextualizing it within the Argentine institutional framework and studying the trajectory of the nationalization of YPF. In this way, it seeks to contextualize institutionally the Argentine government's decision and the impact it has had on both the FDI and the credibility of the country's institutional framework. It also analyzes how the resolution of the conflict occurs through an agreement between the parties that avoids the judicial process, given its high transaction costs. ; FEDER | Ref. (ED431C2018/48 and ED431E2018/07) ; Xunta de Galicia | Ref. (ED431C2018/48 and ED431E2018/07) ; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. (RTI2018-099225-B-100)

El grado de Ingeniería Mecánica combina tanto conocimientos como habilidades en las áreas de Ciencias, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemáticas (STEM, por sus siglas en inglés). En la enseñanza de las asignaturas STEM se debe enfatizar la asociación de los conceptos físico-matemáticos con el mundo real. Para facilitar este paso, se ha de utilizar todos los materiales disponibles, dotando a las tareas de cierta transversalidad. Dentro de este campo, una de las herramientas más innovadoras son los cuadernos de trabajo iPython. Dichos cuadernos permiten introducir texto, vídeo o incluso gráficos interactivos con el fin de transmitir o revisar nuevos conceptos e interactuar con ellos. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de la experiencia de trabajar con cuadernos iPython para realizar prácticas en el marco de la asignatura Ingeniería de Fabricación y Calidad Dimensional, del cuarto curso del grado impartido en el Centro Universitario de la Defensa de la Escuela Naval Militar de la Armada Española. Se explicará el proceso de instalación, creación y uso de los cuadernos iPython, así como la opinión de los estudiantes que utilizaron esta herramienta.

Abstract
The concern to create cleaner and more ecosystem-friendly production processes has extended to the parking sector in Spain. Since the creation of the multi-level institutional framework for sustainable mobility management (mainly composed of the Infrastructure, Transport and Housing Plan 2012–2024, the Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans, Law 9/2006, and Law 9/2017), environmental considerations, including sustainable management certificates, have occupied a privileged place in public procedures for the management of parking structures and regulated surface parking facilities. Although there have been previous academic studies on the design and implementation of SUMPs and the growth of the parking sector, this article is novel in that it analyzes the market concentration of the parking sector in a scenario where climate change policies are crucial and the importance of sustainability certificates takes on a new meaning. Therefore, the objective of this article is to analyze whether the growing importance of environmental aspects has led to an increase in the concentration level of the parking sector in Spain. For this purpose, several concentration and stability indices are calculated. The results show that, although there are additional factors, the certification of a cleaner activity is relevant in the process of public tenders in the sector, which has served to strengthen the dominance of the most prominent companies in the sector that are in possession of environmental certificates. This shows that environmental policies can also have negative effects on the market, so the results of this analysis are of great value to policymakers.

Spain is a country with a high dependence on fossil fuels. For this reason, in 2007, it implemented a bonus system that aimed to encourage the production of renewable energies, particularly photovoltaic solar energy. These production bonuses, guaranteed by the Spanish government, led to an exponential increase in the number of companies in the market and, consequently, the MWh produced. However, in 2012, given the excessive budgetary burden involved in maintaining this "feed-in tariff" system and after several years of institutional instability, the aforementioned system of incentives for phoyovoltaic (PV) energy was eliminated. This paper has tried to analyze the consequences of this institutional change, a clear example of the "hold up" problem. For this purpose, a sample of 5354 companies, which was divided, geographically, into Spanish regions and, temporarily, into three different periods, has been taken, considering diverse economic and financial variables. The results show a notable weakening of the sector that, due to the effects of the regulatory change, has lost attractiveness and profitability for investors and is consequently suffering from stagnation, which has led to the disappearance of many companies in the sector. ; Raquel Fernández González gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Xunta de Galicia under Grants ED431C2018/48 and ED431E2018/07 and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness under Grant RTI2018-099225-B-100. This research was funded by Regional Government of Castilla y León under the "Support Program for Recognized Research Groups of Public Universities of Castilla y León" (ORDEN EDU/667/2019) and the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation & Universities under the I + D + i state program "Challenges Research Projects" (Ref. RTI2018-098900-B-I00).