Suchergebnisse

L'article vise à analyser, à travers les outils théoriques développés par Colette Guillaumin, deux rapports d'appropriation typiques de l'Athènes classique : l'esclavage-marchandise et la domination des citoyennes libres. Partant de sources anciennes, le parcours va des premières représentations littéraires de la « race féminine » à la codification médicale et philosophique de l'infériorité « naturelle » des femmes et des esclaves. L'examen des deux rapports sociaux confirme la relation logico-chronologique mise en évidence par Guillaumin entre l'appropriation et l'idéologie qui la justifie et la perpétue à travers « l'idée de nature ». Cela montre comment, même dans les sciences de l'Antiquité, les outils analytiques du féminisme matérialiste permettent de focaliser l'attention sur la dimension matérielle des relations sociales, en opposition à la tendance de l'historiographie contemporaine à se concentrer sur les aspects symboliques et identitaires, surestimant l'agency des femmes anciennes.

Fil: Farioli, Mariel Inés. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas; Argentina. ; En el marco del proceso de reformas gubernamentales que se está llevando a cabo en numerosos países desde finales del siglo veinte, las democracias modernas han buscado desarrollar mecanismos que contribuyan a hacer más transparente el ejercicio de la función pública, siendo la sanción de Leyes de Acceso a la Información Pública y la utilización de tecnologías de información temas centrales de dichas "Reformas del Estado". Si bien el movimiento internacional hacia la libertad de información se remonta al año 1776, con la aprobación de la primera Ley formal de acceso a la información en Suecia, en Argentina es recién en diciembre del 2003 que se aprueba el Decreto 1172/2003; y aún el país no cuenta con una Ley que rija también en las esferas del Poder Legislativo y Judicial. Asimismo, las provincias argentinas presentan una gran disparidad en cuanto a las normas que regulan este derecho y a los criterios para poner a disposición de la ciudadanía información que transparente los actos de gobierno. Es por ello que, con esta investigación, se pretende realizar un estudio comparado entre las provincias argentinas para efectuar un diagnóstico sobre el estado de la transparencia y del acceso a la información pública en cada una de ellas, analizando las normas locales que reglamentan el derecho y las páginas Web oficiales como herramientas que facilitan y promueven el cumplimiento de las obligaciones de transparencia. ; In the framework of the government reform process being carried out in many countries since the late twentieth century, modern democracies have sought to develop mechanisms in order to contribute to greater transparency in the exercise of public function, being the enactment of laws on Access to Public Information and the use of information technologies core issues of those State Reforms. While the international movement towards freedom of information dates back to 1776 with the passing of the first formal law on access to information in Sweden, in Argentina it is only in December 2003 that Decree 1172/2003 is approved, and the country still lacks a law governing the areas of the Legislative and Judicial power. Argentine provinces still have a large disparity in the rules governing this right and in the criteria for making information available to the public in order to ensure transparency in government actions. Therefore, this research is aimed at carrying out a comparative analysis of Argentine provinces in order to diagnose transparency and access to public information, assessing the official websites as tools that facilitate and ensure acting in compliance with transparency requirements and the local rules, regulations and laws governing the right of access to public information.

Vista nella Parte I la gravità della crisi ambientale, soprattutto l'instabilità climatica che caratterizzerà le prossime decadi, nella parte II si esplicitano le ragioni profonde della necessità di cambiare, e come, il modello di sviluppo. Negli ultimi quarant'anni la crisi ecologica non è mai diventata una variabile importante nelle politiche economiche. Colpa del neo-liberismo imperante, dall' "unilateralismo" dell'amministrazione USA al "fiscal compact" della UE? Sì, ma anche le altre scuole economiche commettono lo stesso errore. L'attuale crisi del capitalismo è una crisi di sovrapproduzione, il cui carattere quantitativo, dovuto all'innovazione tecnologica nel mercato globalizzato, rende insuperabile la contraddizione tra l'aumento dell'offerta e la capacità del mercato di assorbire la domanda: quale colossale redistribuzione del reddito sarebbe necessaria per adeguare la "spendibilità" all'offerta? Né la deterrenza nucleare consente, come nelle due analoghe grandi crisi precedenti, il "ricorso" alla guerra mondiale. Che fare? La sostanziale sordità dell'Economia alla questione ambientale stimola gli autori, da un lato a proporre gli elementi teorici per un "ciclo" economico che coniughi variabili economiche ed ecologiche in un modello di "stato stazionario"; dall'altro a vedere la stessa crisi ecologica come una straordinaria opportunità per cambiare da subito il modello verso un'economia sostenibile, attraverso la rivoluzione energetica, la green economy e il terzo mercato. ; In Part I the ecological crisis has been highlighted, mainly the climate instability that will last for next decades; in Part II are given the reasons why to modify, and in which manner, the current development model. In the last forty years the crisis of environment has never become a variable to be considered in programming economic policies. Sin of the dominant neo-liberalism, from the "unilateralism" of the US administration up to the "fiscal compact" by EU? Sure, but also the other economic schools meet the same error. The present crisis of capitalism is an overproduction crisis, whose peculiar quantitative character, due to the technological innovation in the globalized market, makes insuperable the contradiction between the increment of the offer and the capability of the market of absorbing the demand: which gigantic redistribution of income should be done in order that the "spendability" can match the offer? Neither is possible, like in the two previous great crises, the "recourse" to a world war as a solution of the problem; the nuclear deterrence denies it. What to do? The essential deafness of Economy to the environmental issue pushes the authors, on one hand, to propose some theoretical elements for an economic cycle that conjugate ecological variables to economic ones in a "stationary state" model; on the other hand, to look at the ecological crisis as an extraordinary chance for changing, from now, the model of development towards a sustainable economy, by means of the "energy revolution", the green economy and the "third market".

These challenges are nolonger ignorable, as they have triggered fierce debates andcontroversies across all sectors and classes of society,finally infiltrating the ivory towers of academia. Yet, publicattention is captivated by the entertaining media episodeson these catastrophes and hardly any attention is paid to thecatastrophes' underlying structures and root causes. Recentexamples include Fukushima's nuclear power plant fiascoand the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico that divertattention from the key drivers, namely, the insatiableenergy consumption in industrialized nations; the eco-nomic ideologies of safety and security that justify militaryinterventions and arms trade, which continue to increaseand spread in spite of humanitarian rhetoric and globalrecession; the continuous urbanization, with the majority ofthe world's population now living in urban areas, thereby,perpetuating the discredits and exploits of rural areas; thesilent discounting of our children's future through indus-trial food, resulting in more than a quarter of all children inindustrialized nations being obese or overweight, with themajority staying obese as adults (Wiek et al. 2011b).While research and education slowly recognize theimportance of shifting their efforts to such challenges andtheir root causes (Jerneck et al. 2011; Spangenberg 2011;Wiek et al. 2011a), sustainability scientists lack experienceand expertiseincontributingtofeasibleandeffectivesolutionoptions. The concept of linking knowledge to action forsustainability was initiated a decade ago (Kates et al. 2001)and has been reiterated since then (Komiyama and Takeuchi2006; van Kerkhoff and Lebel 2006); yet, too many scholarsstillbelievethatthislinkwillmiraculouslyemerge.However,it is obvious that it requires a very different type of researchand education (Sarewitz et al. 2010;Wieketal.2011a):namely, research that generates knowledge that matters topeople's decisions and engages in arenas where powerdominates knowledge; and education that enables students tobe visionary, creative, and rigorous in developing solutionsand that leaves the protected space of the classroom to con-front the dynamics and contradictions of the real world.Against this background, the community of sustain-ability scientists is confronted with two essential questions.First, what is a reasonable mission for sustainability sci-ence, considering that research and education are valuablebut not sufficient contributions to solving sustainability

The present global situation recalls us the two walls in which the Red Sea had split to allow that Pharaoh follow the people beloved by God. On one wall stays the economic crisis, that is tout court the capitalist crisis, on the other wall there is the predicament of environment. Then, it is reasonable to wonder if the walls will tumble down with severe damages to all the characters, this time, of this representation; unless a "modest proposal", of the kind that we will try to formulate in this paper, be intensively pursued. Several of the themes here gathered have already been object of reflection in some previous works. In this paper we collect and enrich those ideas, and put a special attention to the so called economic "cycle" and a stationary ecological-economic model in a sustainability scenario. Some years ago, the financial "bubble", burst with its destructive and lasting economic and social consequences, the bloody geopolitics of oil of the last decades, one sixth of the humankind under the threshold of surviving, the plunder of the resources of the Earth – from the rare ores up to the great pluvial forests –, the general environment crisis, dramatic for the climate change, exemplified in an also too much persuasive way that capitalist democracies as well as totalitarian States, those which have chosen the free market economy, were not able to face the two crises of our title.INGLESE

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between occupational lifting and the risk of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) using data from a large population of men. METHODS: We used data from a national cohort of 49 321 Swedish men conscripted for compulsory military service in 1969–1970. We collected information on surgically treated RRD from the National Patient Register and we followed up the cohort between 1991 and 2009 at ages 40–60 years. Exposure to occupational lifting was assessed by applying a job exposure matrix to occupational data from the 1990 census. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs were estimated through Poisson regression models adjusted by degree of myopia, income and education level. RESULTS: We observed 217 cases of RRD in 7 80 166 person-years. In univariate analyses we did not observe an association between occupational lifting and RRD. However, after adjustment for myopia and socioeconomic factors, we found an increased risk of RRD (IRR 2.38, 95% CI 1.15 to 4.93) for subjects in the highest category of exposure compared with those in the lowest one. The incidence rate of RRD among subjects lifting heavy loads at least twice per week, aged between 50 years and 59 years, and affected by severe myopia was as high as 7.9 cases per 1000 person-years, compared with an overall rate of 0.28. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the hypothesis that heavy occupational lifting is a risk factor for RRD. Information on myopia degree and socioeconomic status is necessary when studying the association between occupational lifting and RRD.

Background--Little is known about the burden of sudden cardiac death (SCD) among active, presumably healthy persons. Weinvestigated the incidence of SCD among US male career firefighters.Methods and Results--All on-duty SCDs among US male career firefighters between 1998 and 2012 were identified from theUS Fire Administration and the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health databases. Age-specific incidence rates(IRs) of SCD with 95% CIs were computed. A joinpoint model was fitted to analyze the trend in IR and to help estimate the annualpercentage change of SCD rates over the years. The effects of seasonality were assessed through a Poisson regression model.We identified 182 SCDs; based on 99 available autopsy reports, the leading underlying cause of death was coronary heartdisease (79%). The overall IR was 18.1 SCDs per 100 000 person-years. The age-specific IRs of SCD ranged between 3.8 (forthose aged 18 to 24 years) and 45.2 (for those aged 55 to 64 years) per 100 000 person-years. The annual rate of SCD steadilydeclined over time (annual percentage change 3.9%, 95% CI 5.8 to 2.0). SCD events were more frequent during January(peak-to-low ratio 1.70; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.65). In addition, the IR was 3 times higher during high-risk duties compared with lowriskduties. IRs among firefighters were lower than those observed among the US general population and US military personnel.Conclusions--SCD risk in this active working population is overestimated using statistics from the general population. To addresspublic health questions among these subpopulations, more specific studies of active adults should be conducted.

Background Through a comprehensive analysis of Italy's estimates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, we aimed to understand the patterns of health loss and response of the health-care system, and offer evidence-based policy indications in light of the demographic transition and government health spending in the country. Methods Estimates for Italy were extracted from GBD 2017. Data on Italy are presented for 1990 and 2017, on prevalence, causes of death, years of life lost, years lived with disability, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), life expectancy at birth and at age 65 years, healthy life expectancy, and Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index. We compared the estimates for Italy with those of 15 other western European countries. Findings The quality of the universal health system and healthy behaviours contribute to favourable overall health, even in comparison with other western European countries. In 2017, life expectancy and HAQ Index score in Italy were among the highest globally, with life expectancy at birth reaching 85·3 years for females and 80·8 for males in 2017, ranking Italy eighth globally for females and sixth for males, and an HAQ Index score of 94·9 in 2016 compared with 81·54 in 1990, keeping Italy ranked as ninth globally. Between 1990 and 2017 age-standardised death rates for cardiovascular diseases decreased by 53·7% (95% uncertainty interval −56·1 to −51·4), for neoplasms decreased by 28·2% (−32·3 to −24·6), and for transport injuries decreased by 62·1% (−64·6 to −59·2). However, population ageing is causing an increase in the burden of specific diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (DALYs increased by 77·9% [68·4 to 87·2]) and pancreatic (DALYs increased by 39·7% [28·4 to 51·7]) and uterine cancers (DALYs increased by 164·7% [129·7 to 202·5]). Behavioural risk factors, which are potentially modifiable, still have a strong effect, particularly on cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. For instance, in 2017, 44 400 (41 200 to 47 800) cancer deaths were attributed to smoking, 12 000 (9600 to 14 800) to alcohol use, and 9500 (5400 to 14 200) to high body-mass index, while 47 000 (31 100 to 65 700) deaths due to cardiovascular diseases could be attributed to high LDL cholesterol, 28 700 (19 700 to 38 500) to diets low in whole grains, and 15 900 (8500 to 24 900) to low physical activity. Interpretation Italy provides an interesting example of the results that can be achieved by a mix of relatively healthy lifestyles and a universal health system. Two main issues require attention, population ageing and gradual decrease of public health financing, which both pose several challenges to the future of Italy's health status. Our findings should be useful to Italy's policy makers and health system experts elsewhere.

Importance: Cancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data. Objective: To describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning. Evidence Review: We used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence. Findings: In 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs). Conclusions and Relevance: The national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.