Suchergebnisse

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle as a potential sink or source. Land management influences SOC storage, so the European Parliament decided in 2013 that changes in carbon stocks within a certain land use type, including arable land, must be reported by all member countries in their national inventory reports for greenhouse gas emissions. Here we show the temporal dynamics of SOC during the past 2 decades in Swedish agricultural soils, based on soil inventories conducted in 19881997 (Inventory I), 2001-2007 (Inventory II) and from 2010 onwards (Inventory III), and link SOC changes with trends in agricultural management. From Inventory I to Inventory II, SOC increased in 16 out of 21 Swedish counties, while from Inventory I to Inventory III it increased in 18 out of 21 counties. Mean topsoil (0-20 cm) SOC concentration for the entire country increased from 2.48 to 2.67% C (a relative increase of 7.7 %, or 0.38% yr(-1)) over the whole period. We attributed this to a substantial increase in ley as a proportion of total agricultural area in all counties. The horse population in Sweden has more than doubled since 1981 and was identified as the main driver for this management change (R-2 = 0.72). Due to subsidies introduced in the early 1990s, the area of long-term set-aside (mostly old leys) also contributed to the increase in area of ley. The carbon sink function of Swedish agricultural soils demonstrated in this study differs from trends found in neighbouring countries. This indicates that country-specific or local socio-economic drivers for land management must be accounted for in larger-scale predictions.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle as a potential sink or source. Land management influences SOC storage, so the European Parliament decided in 2013 that changes in carbon stocks within a certain land use type, including arable land, must be reported by all member countries in their national inventory reports for greenhouse gas emissions. Here we show the temporal dynamics of SOC during the past 2 decades in Swedish agricultural soils, based on soil inventories conducted in 1988–1997 (Inventory I), 2001–2007 (Inventory II) and from 2010 onwards (Inventory III), and link SOC changes with trends in agricultural management. From Inventory I to Inventory II, SOC increased in 16 out of 21 Swedish counties, while from Inventory I to Inventory III it increased in 18 out of 21 counties. Mean topsoil (0–20 cm) SOC concentration for the entire country increased from 2.48 to 2.67% C (a relative increase of 7.7 %, or 0.38%yr-1/ over the whole period. We attributed this to a substantial increase in ley as a proportion of total agricultural area in all counties. The horse population in Sweden has more than doubled since 1981 and was identified as the main driver for this management change (R2 D0.72). Due to subsidies introduced in the early 1990s, the area of long-term set-aside (mostly old leys) also contributed to the increase in area of ley. The carbon sink function of Swedish agricultural soils demonstrated in this study differs from trends found in neighbouring countries. This indicates that country-specific or local socio-economic drivers for land management must be accounted for in larger-scale predictions.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe healthcare resource use and cost development in Sweden during 2006-2014 in a type 2 diabetes (T2D) population receiving glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs). Methods: In- and outpatient healthcare resource use and costs were extracted from mandatory national registries: the Cause of Death Register; the National Patient Register; and the Prescribed Drug Register. Primary care data were estimated based on an observational study including patients from 84 primary care centers in Sweden. Numbers of any cause inpatient, outpatient, and primary care contacts were extracted and direct healthcare costs were estimated. Results: During 2006-2014, the number of inpatient and primary care contacts increased by approximately 70% (from 45,559 to 78,245 and from 4.9 to 8.8 million, respectively) and outpatient care contacts almost doubled (from 105,653 to 209,417). Mean annual per patient costs increased by 13%, reaching (sic)4594. Total healthcare costs increased from (sic)835 million to (sic)1.684 billion. Inpatient care costs constituted 47% of total costs in 2014 ((sic)783 million), primary care accounted for 24% ((sic)405 million), outpatient care 18% ((sic)303 million), non-GLD medications 6% ((sic)109 million), and GLDs 5% ((sic)84 million). Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) were the most costly disease group in inpatient care (26%), whereas managing unspecified factors influencing health and T2D-associated diseases were the most costly in outpatient care (16 and 11%, respectively). Conclusions: The healthcare costs of the GLD-treated T2D population doubled during 2006-2014, mostly driven by the increasing size of this population, of which inpatient care accounted for 47%. GLDs constituted the smallest share of costs. CVD was the most resource-requiring disease group.