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Bioethics developed as an academic and clinical discipline during the later part of the 20th century due to a variety of factors. Crucial to this development was the increased secularization of American culture as well as the dissolution of medicine as a quasi-guild with its own professional ethics. In the context of this moral vacuum, bioethics came into existence. Its raison d'etre was opposition to the alleged paternalism of the medical community and traditional moral frameworks, yet at the same time it set itself up as a source of moral authority with respect to biomedical decision making

This volume provides a critical overview of the nature of nanotechnology (and its applications in the biomedical sciences, i.e. bionanotechnology) and the philosophical and ethico-legal issues it raises. This collection of thirteen articles represents an exploration by scholars from various disciplines (philosophy, anthropology, law, social sciences, psychology, and natural sciences) in North America and Europe. The book contains four major parts respectively entitled 1) Knowledge Production in Nanotechnoscience, 2) Ethics and (Bio)Nanotechnology, 3) Public Policy and (Bio)Nanotechnology, and 4) Human Enhancement and (Bio)Nanotechnology. In the first section, authors examine the nature of nanotechnology as a scientific project and critically reflect on its philosophical underpinnings. The next section introduces the readers to a new area of investigation that explicitly addresses the ethics of nanotechnology/bionanotechnology. More specifically, it examines the theoretical framework(s) necessary to sustain rich ethical reflections at the core of the development of nanotechnology. The third section expands on the ethics of nanotechnology/bionanotechnology but focuses on legal and public policy issues and how the public perception of nanotechnology could ultimately shape policies and regulations. Ultimately these three perspectives (the nature of nanotechnology, ethical approaches and regulatory issues) will shape and frame the discourse on nanobiotechnology. The final section focuses on how scientific progress could affect humans through enhancement technologies and critically assesses whether such progress actually contributes to human flourishing.

This new, thoroughly recast Second Edition has been acclaimed as ""the most important book written since the beginning of that strange project called bioethics"" (Stanley Hauerwas, Duke University). Its philosophical exploration of the foundations of secular bioethics has been substantially expanded. The book challenges the values of much of contemporary bioethics and health care policy by confronting their failure to secure the moral norms they seek to apply. The nature of health and disease, the definition of death, the morality of abortion, infanticide, euthanasia, physician-assisted suicid

Intro -- Contents -- Biblical Quotations -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- From Christian Bioethics to Secular Bioethics: The Establishment of a Liberal Cosmopolitan Morality -- Can Morality be Sectarian? -- Christian Bioethics: Confused and Eclipsed -- Christian vs. Secular Bioethics: The Disappearance of a Difference -- Moral Crises and the Medieval Faith in Reason -- From the Reformation and the Enlightenment to Secular Bioethics -- The Enlightenment and its Dirty Hands -- Faith in Secular Rationality Unshaken: Secular Medical Ethics and the Medical Humanities -- Why a Canonical, Content-full Secular Bioethics Cannot be Justified in General Secular Terms: Content Requires Assumptions -- From a Libertarian to a Liberal Cosmopolitan: The Background of Post-Traditional Christianity -- Christian Bioethics Reconsidered -- Notes -- At the Roots of Bioethics: Reason, Faith, and the Unity of Morality -- Religious and Secular Ethics: Rethinking the Project of Morality -- Pluralism and Conflict in Ethics and Bioethics: The Right, the Good, the Particular, and God -- Immanuel Kant and his As-If God -- The Necessity of Contingency: Hegel and the Justification of Moral Particularity -- Rationality, Belief, and Kierkegaard: Being a Christian in the Post-Christian Age -- Reason, Faith, and Bioethics -- Notes -- Christian Bioethics as a Human Project: Taking Immanence Seriously -- The Enlightenment's Bequest -- Knowledge, Morality, and Religion as Limited Human Projects -- Three Visions of the Secular Cosmopolis: Living in a World Deaf to God -- Christianity Transformed: Towards a Christian Bioethics Without Transcendence -- Christian Bioethics Reconsidered -- Notes -- Bioethics and Transcendence: At the Heart of the Culture Wars -- Sects, Cults, Fundamentalism, and Traditional Christian Bioethics -- From Discursive Reason to Spiritual Change.

The philosophy of medicine cum bioethics has become the socially
recognized source for moral and epistemic direction in health-care
decision-making. Over the last three decades, this field has
been accepted politically as an authorized source of guidance
for policy and law. The field's political actors have included
the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects
of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, the President's Commission for the Study
of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research
(hereinafter, "the President's Commission"), the
National Bioethics Advisory Commission, and the new (2001) Council on
Bioethics; these groups and agencies have (or will) set forth rules on
issues ranging from the role of humans in biomedical research to the
production of human embryos for research, the definition of death, and
the permissibility of human cloning. The members of the field are not
just scholars and teachers in an academic realm directed to both
theoretical and applied issues. They are, in addition, practitioners of
a conceptual and moral trade that possesses a legal and political
standing. This essay critically addresses the sudden emergence
of bioethics as a societally recognized source of moral guidance,
a source replete with authorized moral experts. Attention is
directed to moral and conceptual assumptions that have led the
philosophy of medicine, and especially bioethics, to acquire
a quasi-juridical/political role in guiding clinical choices,
framing health-care policy, and directing court holdings.

Der Verfasser setzt sich mit dem Problem der Einführung von Zugangsbeschränkungen für kostenintensive medizinische Behandlung im Rahmen der Bemühungen zur Eindämmung der Kostenexplosion im Gesundheitswesen auseinander. Der Schwerpunkt seiner Ausführungen liegt im Bereich Intensivmedizin in Krankenhäusern vor allem in den USA. Zu Beginn geht der Autor auf die Veränderungen in der Allokation von Ressourcen im Gesundheitswesen im Verlauf der letzten drei Jahre ein. Es schließt sich ein Überblick über die gesundheitspolitischen Maßnahmen an, die die Kostenentwicklung im Gesundheitswesen abbremsen sollen. Im weiteren untersucht der Verfasser einige der empirischen Probleme, die den Erfolg einer Therapie im Rahmen einer Behandlung auf der Intensivstation betreffen. Zum Abschluß seiner Überlegungen begründet der Autor seine pessimistische Einstellung zur Möglichkeit der Entwicklung einer geeigneten Methode für die Allokation von Ressourcen im Gesundheitswesen, die mit einem allgemeinen Appell an soziale Ansprüche und soziale Gerechtigkeit verbunden ist. (ICC)

Much of contemporary philosophy, political theory, and social thought has been shaped directly or indirectly by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, though there is considerable disagreement about how his work should be understood. He has been described both as a metaphysician and characterized as an ironic narrator who anticipated the character of philosophy after metaphysics. His position is equally ambiguous with regard to his political thought. He has been construed both as an enemy of the liberal state and as a friend of freedom. This volume's revisionist reassessment, building on the scholarship of Klaus Hartmann, explores these ambiguities in favor of a non-metaphysical reading of Hegel's arguments. It also shows how the foundations of his political thought support a liberal democratic state. This reappraisal of Hegel's arguments resituates him as a philosopher who anticipates the difficulties of post-modernity and offers a basis for reassessing ontology, aesthetics, and revolution. Philosophers and those doing work in political theory will find this volume of great interest

1 A Crisis in Moral Philosophy: Why Is the Search for the Foundations of Ethics So Frustrating? -- Ethics, Foundations, and Science: Response to Alasdair MacIntyre -- 2 Moral Autonomy -- 3 The Concept of Responsibility: An Inquiry into the Foundations of an Ethics for Our Age -- 4 From System to Story: An Alternative Pattern for Rationality in Ethics -- 5 Can Medicine Dispense with a Theological Perspective on Human Nature? -- Kant's Moral Theology or a Religious Ethics? -- A Rejoinder to a Rejoinder -- 6 Theology and Ethics: An Interpretation of the Agenda -- Response to James M. Gustafson -- Rejoinder to Hans Jonas -- 7 The Moral Psychology of Science -- 8 The Poverty of Scientism and the Promise of Structuralist Ethics -- 9 Natural Selection and Societal Laws -- 10 Evolution, Social Behavior, and Ethics -- 11 Attitudes toward Eugenics in Germany and Soviet Russia in the 1920's: An Examination of Science and Values -- 12 Are Science and Ethics Compatible? -- 13 How Can We Reconnect the Sciences with the Foundations of Ethics? -- The Multiple Connections between Science and Ethics: Response to Stephen Toulmin.

Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- I. Introduction -- Pharmaceutical Innovation and the Market: The Pursuit of Profit and the Amelioration of the Human Condition -- II. The Social Responsibility of Pursuing Profit -- The Unavoidable Goodness of Profit: The Cunning of Reason and the Realization of Human Well-Being -- Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Ethics in the Pharmaceutical Industry -- Pharmaceutical Companies and Their Obligations to Developing Countries: Psychopaths or Scapegoats? -- III. Autonomy, Advertising, and Pharmaceutical Costs -- Autonomy, Constraining Options, and Pharmaceutical Costs -- Pharmaceutical Advertising and Patient Autonomy -- IV. Some Criticisms of the Pharmaceutical Industry Critically Re-examined -- Why America Does Not Have a Second Drug Problem -- Global Drug Innovation in a World of Financial Finitude: Retailing Virtue to Promote Capital Formation and Profit -- V. Markets, Pharmaceuticals, and Health Savings Accounts -- Time, Money and the Market for Drugs -- Perils of Parallel Trade: Reimporting Prescription Drugs from Canada to the US -- VI. Pharmaceutical Liability: Another Source of Health Care Costs -- Risk, Responsibility, and Litigation -- Contributors -- Index.

Is there only one bioethics? Is a global bioethics possible? Or, instead, does one encounter a plurality of bioethical approaches shaped by local cultural and national traditions? Some thirty years ago a field of applied ethics emerged under the rubric `bioethics'. Little thought was given at the time to the possibility that this field bore the imprint of a particular American set of moral commitments. This volume explores the plurality of moral perspectives shaping bioethics. It is inspired by Kazumasa Hoshino's critical reflections on the differences in moral perspectives separating Japanese and American bioethics. The essays include contributions from Hong Kong, China, Japan, Texas, the United States, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. The volume offers a rich perspective of the range of approaches to bioethics. It brings into question whether there is unambiguously one ethics for bioethics to apply

THE CODIFICATION OF MEDICAL MORALITY -- Editor's page -- Copyright -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- INTRODUCTION -- PART ONE: PRE-HISTORY MEDICAL PROPRIETY AND IMPROPRIETY IN THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD PRIOR TO THE FORMALIZATION OF MEDICAL ETHICS -- CHAPTER 1 INNOCENT AND HONORABLE BRIBES: MEDICAL MANNERS IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN -- CHAPTER 2 ETHICS AND DISPUTE BEHAVIOR IN THE CAREER OF HENRY BRACKEN OF LANCASTER: SURGEON, PHYSICIAN, AND MANMIDWIFE -- CHAPTER 3 PLUTUS OR HYGEIA? THOMAS BEDDOES AND THE CRISIS OF MEDICAL ETHICS IN BRITAIN AT THE TURN OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY -- PART TWO THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND -- CHAPTER 4 COMMON SENSE AND VIRTUE IN THE SCOTTISH MORALISTS -- CHAPTER 5 NATURAL LAW AND MEDICAL ETHICS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- PART THREE THE FORMALIZATION OF MEDICAL ETHICS -- CHAPTER 6 JOHN GREGORY'S MEDICAL ETHICS AND HUMEAN SYMPATHY -- CHAPTER 7 THOMAS PERCIVAL AND THE PRODUCTION OF MEDICAL ETHICS -- CHAPTER 8 DECIPHERING PERCIVAL'S CODE -- NOTES ON CONTRmUTORS -- INDEX.