Suchergebnisse

1. Introduction -- 2. The contextual and legal background -- 3. Defining trafficking : the evolution of an international legal definition -- 4. Consent in the law, and consent to sexual exploitation -- 5. The effect of consent in human trafficking -- 6. The "victim-centred" approach to tackling trafficking : determining who the victims are, and how they should be treated -- 7. Less than trafficked, more than smuggled : dealing with the "consensually trafficked" -- 8. Conclusion.

This article explores the potential human rights impacts of the 'extreme energy' process, specifically focussing on the production of shale gas, coal-bed methane (CBM) and 'tight oil', known colloquially as 'fracking'. The article locates the discussion within a broader context of resource depletion, the 'limits to growth' and the process of extreme energy itself. Utilising recent secondary data from the United States and Australia, combined with the preliminary findings of our ethnographic fieldwork in the United Kingdom, the article outlines a prima facie case for investigating 'fracking' development through a human rights lens. Indeed, based on considerable emerging evidence we argue that 'fracking' development poses a significant risk to a range of key human rights and should thus form the subject of a multitude of comprehensive, interdisciplinary human rights impact assessments (HRIAs) as a matter of urgency. Finally, given the close relationships between government and extractive industries, we argue that these impact assessments must do more than bolster corporate social responsibility (CSR) statements and should be truly independent of either government or industry influence.