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"Consent in the law is a much debated and unquestionably problematic notion, uniform definition and application of which to different situations can be both difficult to achieve, and inappropriate. Furthermore, establishing the presence of 'coercion' and therefore lack of consent can be highly problematic, particularly in terms of situations of human trafficking and illegal prostitution, activities which may be deemed inherently coercive and problematically clandestine. This book explores the legal notion of consent, arguing that when it is applied to situations of human trafficking, migration and sexual exploitation, it presents a series of problems and issues which the current law may be inadequate to address. The book addresses the nature and role of consent in the transnational trade in women for sexual exploitation. The legal definition of 'trafficking in humans' in international instruments is discussed while the book also takes a comparative approach examining the domestic implementation of the international law in different countries, as well as the various approaches to tackling human trafficking. The determination who is and who is not in fact a trafficked victim is something States take very seriously and determinations one way or the other can lead to vastly different outcomes. As with the asylum and refugee process, there is often a system of rights and privileges available to the formally trafficked individual, as well as the human rights protections available to any individual who may need to rely upon them. Jessica Elliott considers what the ramifications of inclusion of this controversial element are for the putative victims, and what concession, if any, can be made for those who have been subject to serious sexual exploitation yet due to the technical nature of the definition of human trafficking, fall below the formal standard of 'trafficked'. "--

This article explores the potential human rights impacts of the 'extreme energy' process, specifically focussing on the production of shale gas, coal-bed methane (CBM) and 'tight oil', known colloquially as 'fracking'. The article locates the discussion within a broader context of resource depletion, the 'limits to growth' and the process of extreme energy itself. Utilising recent secondary data from the United States and Australia, combined with the preliminary findings of our ethnographic fieldwork in the United Kingdom, the article outlines a prima facie case for investigating 'fracking' development through a human rights lens. Indeed, based on considerable emerging evidence we argue that 'fracking' development poses a significant risk to a range of key human rights and should thus form the subject of a multitude of comprehensive, interdisciplinary human rights impact assessments (HRIAs) as a matter of urgency. Finally, given the close relationships between government and extractive industries, we argue that these impact assessments must do more than bolster corporate social responsibility (CSR) statements and should be truly independent of either government or industry influence.