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The author proposes his undestanding of ideology. It is shown that the existence of global ideological alternatives (liberalism and socialism) is based on two fundamentally different sets of human values. Criticism of Marxism as paneconomism is given. It is substantiated that the main conflict in society is connected not with relations to property, but with values (life goals).

The article is devoted to the topic of possible transformations in the paradigm of socio-economic development of modern world civilization, in the context of climate change. The purpose of the study: to identify what it would be desirable to change in textbooks on economics so that those who study, becoming managers and politicians, do not destroy the Earth's biosphere by their actions. What in the economic mainstream underlies those pathological features of the world economy that lead all of humanity to the climatic apocalypse? At the level of theory, this is due to the extreme subjectivity of modern economic theory, which has taken the form of abandoning the category of "value". The discussion of value is potentially of great practical importance: it is, in essence, a discussion of the legitimacy of the entire modern world financial and economic order. as the whole experience of world civilization shows, new ideas replace old ones when a new generation grows, for which these ideas are an organic part of their view of the world. Therefore, a change in the financial and economic paradigm should begin with changes in the textbooks of economics.

A significant part of the definitions of the subject matter of economics goes back to the already classical definition of L. Robbins. According to the authors, the definition of the subject matter of economics according to Robbins is not entirely satisfactory. The norm is the allocation of the subject of science in the subject area. The selection of a subject of science by modus operandi violates the logic of constructing a disciplinary matrix of scientific knowledge. We agree that the definition of economic science in terms of material goods is narrow and not entirely satisfactory. However, replacing it with a definition through modus operandi is not an extension of the 'material' approach to understanding values, but a transition to a completely different logical level. We propose the following definitions: value –a rare utility (absolutely not necessarily material). An economic system is a system that can create and distribute values. Economics is a science that studies economic systems. The choice of an individual between different types of activities, and / or the use of alternative types of resources, although it is an economic choice, but the study of such an 'atomic' system is not enough to understand the properties of economic systems. The subject of economics appears with the advent of society. The social structure that ensures this coordination of production and exchange is the structure of the economic system. At the same time, it is the subject of economic science. The question of which aspect in the economic system is the main one – exchange or production – is the form of the question of what is the ontology of the economic universe: is it linear or non-linear? A complex non-linear system of the economy is made by two aspects: the use of durable assets in the production, as a result of which economic activity is 'stretched' in time, and the great depth of the division of labor. Thus, the question of understanding the subject of economics is associated with a number of aspects that are significant for theory (and practice), ultimately –with the perception of the world –and the economic world as part of it.

The relevance of the article lies in the significance of the question about the source and foundations of morality in itself, and also, that every specialist who carries out psycho-correctional implicitly solves this issue working in the penitentiary system. It is shown that there are two paradigmatic answers to the question about the essence of morality: atheistic (morality is the result of an evolutionary process, or morality is a subjective agreement that makes life possible in society); theistic (moral is transcendental to the psyche). The novelty of the study lies in substantiating the theses on the significance of the problem of the essence of morality for psycho-correctional work in the penitentiary system, and that the religious concept of the origin of morality does not contradict scientifically established facts. The practical value is explained by the general direction for the humanization of the penitentiary system, in this regard, by the increased importance of penitentiary psycho-correctional work. The authors come to a conclusion that the researched issue is significant for practical ethics in general and in the prison system in particular. The theistic model of the origin of morality does not contradict any scientific facts.