The article is devoted to the study of the European Union member states' experience in the field of maintaining social dialogue during the COVID‑19 pandemic. The author explores strategies for maintaining social dialogue, defines their specific features, and determines the risks within their implementation. It is revealed that the approbation of these strategies forced the national authorities of all EU member states to switch to tripartite consultations, characterized by a high level of representation. The priorities of the social dialogue during the pandemic aimed at ensuring the basic rights of workers in the European Union in various sectors are investigated. Measures ensuring health and safety of workers were put at the forefront. Social partners expected to overcome the main difficulties caused by the pandemic with the help of state support measures. At the same time, they raised topical issues of modeling the economic and social post-crisis recovery. The contribution of social partners to the training and professional development of skilled labor during the pandemic is being established. Effective practices are considered to contribute to the expansion of education opportunities and advanced training of employees through the conclusion of collective agreements with the formation of accounts for such an education. The mechanism of adaptation to the changing labor market using the transfer of workers to remote work is shown. It is emphasized that trade unions have chosen offensive tactics in dialogue with employers, seeking to protect the interests of employees when switching to remote work. It is concluded that the EU countries as a whole managed to overcome the risks of curtailing the social dialogue.
The importance of river tourism is shown. As for now there is a noticeable trend towards differentiating services. European business now offers not just standard services, but also tries to highlight each tour with some special solution, for example, special cuisine, classical music, opportunity to carry out concert and entertainment events, etc. Trends in domestic market correspond with the European one, where since 2013 there has been dynamic growth in the number of cruises, primarily due to American tourists. The European river cruise market is the largest (41 % of all river cruise ships are in Europe). The fleet on the Nile River is significant, but due to political instability in the region, it is stagnating. The cruise ship fleet in Russia continues to shorten and aging. In America and Asia (mainly China), the number of river vessels is growing, but not significantly. Utilization of the «old» series of domestic river cruise ships is not only proceeding, but is also proceeding at an increasing pace. It peaked in 2011- 2018, and this process continues now. At the same time, the total passenger capacity of cruise ships decreases both due to the decommissioning of ships and due to a decrease in the number of seats while increasing comfort during refitting. Almost all vessels have been re-equipped or modernized to one degree or another. The number of domestic river cruise passenger ships by 2025 will be reduced by almost 30 %, to 87 units (including the new fleet). By 2030, its number may be reduced to 53 ships, excluding ships that can be built. To preserve the concept of «river cruise», and not only for foreign tourists, it is recommended for the medium and long term to build new passenger ships that would most fully meet the market demands. ; Показана важность речного туризма. В настоящее время отмечается заметная тенденция дифференцирования услуг. Европейский бизнес предлагает теперь не просто стандартные услуги, но и старается выделить каждый тур каким-либо особенным решением, например, особой кухней, классической музыкой, возможностью проводить концертно-развлекательные мероприятия и т.п. Тенденции на отечественном рынке вполне соответствуют европейскому, где с 2013 года происходит динамичный рост числа круизов, прежде всего, за счет американских туристов. Европейский речной круизный рынок является самым большим (41 % всех речных круизных судов приходится на Европу). Флот на реке Нил значителен, но из-за политической нестабильности в регионе стагнирует. Флот круизных судов в России продолжает сокращаться и стареть. В Америке и Азии (в основном, Китай) количество речных судов растет, но незначительно. Утилизация «старых» серий отечественных речных круизных судов не только идет, но и идет с нарастающими темпами. Пик ее пришелся на 2011-2018 годы, и этот процесс продолжается и сейчас. Общая пассажировместимость круизных судов, при этом, снижается как за счет списания судов, так и за счет уменьшения числа мест при повышении комфортабельности во время переоборудования. Практически все суда в той или иной степени были переоборудованы или модернизированы. Число отечественных речных круизных пассажирских судов к 2025 году сократится почти на 30 %, до 87 единиц (с учетом нового флота). К 2030 году его количество может уменьшиться до 53 судов без учета судов, которые могут быть построены. Для сохранения понятия «речной круиз», и не только для иностранных туристов, рекомендуется на среднесрочную и долгосрочную перспективы строительство новых пассажирских судов, которые бы наиболее полно удовлетворяли запросам рынка. ; Показано важливість річкового туризму. На даний час відзначається помітна тенденція диференціювання послуг. Європейський бізнес пропонує тепер не просто стандартні послуги, а й намагається виділити кожен тур будь-яким особливим рішенням, наприклад, особливою кухнею, класичною музикою, можливістю проводити концертнорозважальні заходи і т.п. Тенденції на вітчизняному ринку цілком відповідають європейському, де з 2013 року відбувається динамічне зростання числа круїзів, перш за все, за рахунок американських туристів. Європейський річковий круїзний ринок є найбільшим (41 % всіх річкових круїзних суден припадає на Європу). Флот на річці Ніл значний, але через політичну нестабільність в регіоні перебуває в стагнації. Флот круїзних суден в Росії продовжує скорочуватися і старіти. В Америці і Азії (в основному, Китай) кількість річкових суден зростає, але незначно. Утилізація «старих» серій вітчизняних річкових круїзних суден не тільки йде, але і йде з наростаючими темпами. Пік її припав на 2011- 2018 роки, і цей процес триває і зараз. Загальна пасажиромісткість круїзних суден, при цьому, знижується як за рахунок списання суден, так і за рахунок зменшення числа місць при підвищенні комфортабельності під час переобладнання. Практично всі судна в тій чи іншій мірі були переобладнані або модернізовані. Число вітчизняних річкових круїзних пасажирських суден до 2025 року скоротиться майже на 30 %, до 87 одиниць (з урахуванням нового флоту). До 2030 року його кількість може зменшитися до 53 суден без урахування суден, які можуть бути побудовані. Для збереження поняття «річковий круїз», і не тільки для іноземних туристів, рекомендується на середньострокову і довгострокову перспективи будівництво нових пасажирських суден, які б найбільш повно задовольняли запитам ринку.
This article is dedicated to the examination of the diplomatic efforts undertaken by the USSR and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) to ensure military-political security during the period from 1987 to 1989. It explores the factors that contributed to changes in security policy. The analysis focuses on several under-researched aspects, including the strengthening of constructive forces within the federal government in 1987; the convergence of positions between the USSR and the FRG regarding disarmament and arms control; and the process of solidifying a positive trend in Soviet-West German political dialogue. Special attention is given to the role of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) in reorienting the governing coalition of the FRG from a policy of confrontation towards seeking compromises with the USSR in the realm of security. The evolution of Bonn's official stance on the elimination of intermediate- and shorter-range missiles is also examined. It is demonstrated that, during 1988–1989, the course of the federal government became less dependent on the line of its key ally, the United States, thereby allowing for a consideration of the national interests of the FRG in addressing the issue of "nuclear rearmament". The relevance of this study lies in its exploration of mechanisms through which the degradation of dialogue between the Russian Federation and Western collective countries in the sphere of security may be halted in contemporary times.
This article is devoted to the precise and approximate calculation of the mathematical expectation of non-linear functionals from the solution of the linear Skorohod equation with first-order chaos in the coefficients and the initial condition. In [1–4], approximate methods for calculating the mathematical expectation of functionals from solutions of the linear Skorohod stochastic differential equation with a random initial condition and deterministic coefficient functions were proposed and investigated. This paper considers the calculation of the mathematical expectation of nonlinear functionals from the solution to the linear Skorohod equation with first-order chaos in the coefficients and the initial condition. In this case, the solution is obtained in an analytical form [5]; however, it contains an unknown random parameter, determined as the solution of an auxiliary integral stochastic equation. In this paper we investigate the cases when the solution of this integral equation is found in an explicit form and then evaluate the moments and the mathematical expectations of some types of functional from the solution of the initial Skorohod equation. The construction of approximate formulas for calculating more general nonlinear functionals from the solution is considered. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the accuracy of the obtained formulas.
The subject of the study is the socio-economic system "innovation activity—the quality of life of the population". The purpose of the work is to determine the degree of interrelation of innovative development and the standard of living of the population in the regions. The research is based on the application of standard methods of data collection and processing, correlation analysis and rating assessment. The official data of statistical collections, foreign and domestic sources of ratings on the global innovation Index (GII), the Human Development Index (HDI), the Quality of life index (QLI) and the value of the Russian Regional Innovation Index (RRII) were used as an information base. Comparative analyses and assessments were carried out for the regions of the Far East and neighboring countries of the Asia-Pacific Region (APR). According to the GII-2021 rating, the APR countries are among the top 15, Russia ranks 45th out of 132 countries, and according to the HDI-2019: Hong Kong is among the top five, the rest of the countries are ranked 11th, Russia occupies 52 position. Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territory, the Republic of Buryatia occupy the leading positions according to the RRII rating. On the basis of the author's econometric model "Triple Helix", the shares of the actors' contribution to the overall innovative development of the regions of the Far East are determined. It is shown that the three leaders (Sakhalin Region, Khabarovsk and Kamchatka Territory) QLI values than in Russia as a whole, and six regions of the Far East are characterized by an average level of quality of life of the population. The results of the study of the relationship between innovative development and quality of life confirm the existence of a certain correlation between the indicators of RRI/QLI and GII/HDI, which allows us to use standard regression formulas for modeling predictive estimates of the impact of innovative development on improving the level and quality of life of the population in the regions. The results of the work can be useful to the executive bodies of the state authorities of the regions for strategic planning and management of the development of the innovative economy and civil society of the macroregions.
This paper is devoted to the construction of approximate formulas for calculating the mathematical expectation of nonlinear functionals from the solution to the linear Skorohod stochastic differential equation with a random initial condition. To calculate the mathematical expectations of nonlinear functionals from random processes, functional analogs of quadrature formulas have been developed, based on the requirement of their accuracy for functional polynomials of a given degree. Most often, formulas are constructed that are exact for polynomials of the third degree [1–9], which are used to obtain an initial approximation and in combination with approximations of the original random process. In the latter case, they are usually also exact for polynomials of a given degree and are called compound formulas. However, in the case of processes specified in the form of compound functions from other random processes the constructed functional quadrature formulas, as a rule, have great computational complexity and cannot be used for computer implementation. This is exactly what happens in the case of functionals from the solutions of stochastic equations. In [1, 2], the approaches to solving this problem were considered for some types of Ito equations in martingales. The solution of the problem is simplified in the cases when the solution of the stochastic equation is found in explicit form: the corresponding approximations were obtained in the cases of the linear equations of Ito, Ito – Levy and Skorohod in [3–11]. In [7, 8, 11], functional quadrature formulas were constructed that are exact for the approximations of the expansions of the solutions in terms of orthonormal functional polynomials and in terms of multiple stochastic integrals. This work is devoted to the approximate calculation of the mathematical expectations of nonlinear functionals from the solution of the linear Skorokhod equation with a leading Wiener process and a random initial condition. A new approach to the construction of quadrature formulas, exact for functional polynomials of the third degree, based on the use of multiple Stieltjes integrals over functions of bounded variation in the sense of Hardy – Krause, is proposed. A composite approximate formula is also constructed, which is exact for second-order functional polynomials, converging to the exact expectation value, based on a combination of the obtained quadrature formula and an approximation of the leading Wiener process. The test examples illustrating the application of the obtained formulas are considered.
The article is devoted to the analysis of key social and economic problems in the EU countries during the initial period of the pandemic. Forced isolation amid the spread of the coronavirus contributed to the growth of domestic and domestic violence, manifestations of racism and xenophobia in the EU. Social discrimination manifested itself in the restriction of access to goods and services for people with Asian appearance. A negative factor was the statements of certain right-wing politicians, as well as a number of media outlets. The member states of the European Union sought to carry out proactive communication with the population of their countries, convincing the latter to use exclusively official information about the situation with the COVID 19 virus and taking steps to ensure the widespread presence of the opinion of the governance in the media and on the Internet. Due to the extraordinary circumstances, EU member states have resumed controls at their internal borders in an effort to ensure the safety of their citizens. Despite assurances from the European Commission that the restrictions would not affect the interests of the EU population and third-country nationals, in March 2020, tangible obstacles arose in the way of realizing the fundamental right to free movement. The first steps were taken to support the sectors of the economy and the employment market in the initial phase of the pandemic. Particular attention was paid to the state of affairs in the most vulnerable service sector. The employment market experienced serious shocks, which was reflected in the growth of unemployment in the EU countries. The measures taken by the authorities of the member states, in general, met the interests of workers, but encountered difficulties in the course of implementation.
The article considers the legislative and regulatory acts that specify the tasks in the implementation of breeding processes. The results of the creation, variety testing, patenting and introduction of grape varieties and clones into the State Register of the Russian Federation for 2010–2020 are presented. The article analyzes the relationship between the indicators of industrial development with the production volumes of planting material, the use of domestic varieties that are included in the State Register of the Russian Federation. The characteristic of ampelographic collections – the genetic resources of grapes – is given. A comparative analysis of many years' worth of data on the assessment of the adaptive potential of domestic varieties and introduced varieties is presented. The article describes domestic varieties, from which premium wines are produced, which not only competes with European varieties, but also surpasses the organoleptic properties and biochemical parameters of grape must and wine material. The main problems hindering the wide demand for domestic varieties on the market, including a substantial amount of imported European varietal planting material, are described. The necessity of accelerating breeding processes is actualized, modern methods are identified, including those of generative and genomic selection, transgenic technologies, cellular, mutational, and clone selection, and priority areas in breeding are presented. The numerical and qualitative analyses of the composition of breeding scientists is given, the trends of increasing the number and qualitative composition of breeders, the influx of young people, the growing need for training qualified personnel are noted. The number of bachelor's, master's and post-graduate students specializing in viticulture in general and in selection in particular as well as the number of defended dissertation studies on grape breeding has been found to be insufficient. The main scientific and practical problems in the organization and implementation ...
Over the past 100 years, economics has stood out from other scientific disciplines because of the presence of two fundamentally different approaches to understanding its subject: from a systemic point of view, and from the point of view of individual choice. All the main directions of modern economic theory turn out to be reducible to two paradigms, conceptually related to two main interpretations of the economic science subject. The understanding of the economy as an equilibrium or non-equilibrium system is associated with two said paradigms. The author believes that the development of economic theory after Keynes can be interpreted as a series of attempts to integrate the identified paradigms. In another form, this is the question of the synthesis of micro- and macro-approaches in economic theory.
