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In Denmark, climate changes and increasing urbanisation have pushed for new stormwater management strategies. To accommodate this need, Danish government required all municipalities to make climate change adaptation plans before the end of 2013, and 350 M euro was reserved to be invested in climate adaptation measures. For some municipalities, this has been supplemented with a cloudburst management plan, qua recommendations made by the Danish Wastewater Committee in 2017. These plans all largely rely on separating rainwater from sewers and handling it in surface-near and nature-based solutions before discharging to the natural water system - an approach which blurs the line between technical structures and the natural water environment, and causes an increase in the load onto the recipients. Concurrently environmental targets have been set for the recipients, rooted in e.g. the EU Water Framework Directive.

AbstractIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios run by an ensemble of models developed by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) projects an average sea level rise (SLRs) of 0.6 to 1.2 m for the low and high emission scenarios (SSP1-1.9, SSP5-8.5), during the next century (IPCC 2021). The coastal zone will experience an increase in the flooding of terrestrial habitats and the depth of marine productive areas, with potential negative consequences for these ecosystems. The coast in Denmark is highly modified due to anthropogenic uses. Dikes, dams, and other coastal infrastructure are widespread, causing a coastal squeeze that prevents natural coastal development and inland migration of coastlines. We performed a national-scale analysis on the impacts of mean sea level rise (MSLR) in 2070 and 2120, and a 1 in 10-year storm surge water level (10SS) in 2120 MSLR for the Danish coast. Our study shows extensive permanent flooding of coastal habitats (~14%), whereas only 1.6% of urban areas will be flooded. Finally, very large agricultural areas (~191,000 ha) will be frequently flooded by 10SS if no extra protective measures are planned. With the present coastal protection structures, key habitats will be affected by permanent flooding or coastal squeeze while even larger extents will be subjected to intermittent marine flooding. About 45% (199 km2) of all Danish coastal wetlands will be permanently flooded by 2120, while areas occupied by forest, lakes and freshwater wetlands will be more frequently flooded by marine water. This study highlights the importance of including coastal habitats as dynamic elements in climate adaptation plans. Conservation and restoration of key habitats such as coastal wetlands should be prioritized in management plans. If Denmark does not change its current priorities, it may face the complete loss of coastal wetlands habitat in the 22nd century.

Climate changes and urbanization push cities to redesign their drainage systems, which may increase separate stormwater discharges to local recipients. In the EU, regulation of these is governed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Floods Directive, but national implementation varies and is often supplemented with local non-legislative guidelines. By reviewing trends and discrepancies in the Danish regulation practice for separated stormwater discharges, this article investigates how the directives are put into effect. A legislative gap for separate stormwater discharges introduces uncertainty in the discharge permit conditions, which especially affect conditions targeting water quality. We point to several topics to be addressed, e.g., the level at which the regulation of separate stormwater discharges takes place, opportunities for coordination with flood risk and climate change adaptation initiatives, as well as uncertainties regarding the application of Best Available Techniques. Working with these issues would elevate the regulation practice and aid regulators in reaching a more holistic and consistent approach, thus improving chances of reaching the desired recipient status before or after the WFD deadline in 2027. This could be undertaken at river basin, river basin district or national level, but there is also potential for harvesting mutual benefits by addressing these challenges internationally.

Climate changes and urbanization push cities to redesign their drainage systems, which mayincrease separate stormwater discharges to local recipients. In the EU, regulation of these is governedby the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Floods Directive, but national implementationvaries and is often supplemented with local non-legislative guidelines. By reviewing trends anddiscrepancies in the Danish regulation practice for separated stormwater discharges, this articleinvestigates how the directives are put into effect. A legislative gap for separate stormwater dischargesintroduces uncertainty in the discharge permit conditions, which especially affect conditions targetingwater quality. We point to several topics to be addressed, e.g., the level at which the regulation ofseparate stormwater discharges takes place, opportunities for coordination with flood risk and climatechange adaptation initiatives, as well as uncertainties regarding the application of Best AvailableTechniques. Working with these issues would elevate the regulation practice and aid regulators inreaching a more holistic and consistent approach, thus improving chances of reaching the desiredrecipient status before or after the WFD deadline in 2027. This could be undertaken at river basin,river basin district or national level, but there is also potential for harvesting mutual benefits byaddressing these challenges internationally. ; Climate changes and urbanization push cities to redesign their drainage systems, which mayincrease separate stormwater discharges to local recipients. In the EU, regulation of these is governedby the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Floods Directive, but national implementationvaries and is often supplemented with local non-legislative guidelines. By reviewing trends anddiscrepancies in the Danish regulation practice for separated stormwater discharges, this articleinvestigates how the directives are put into effect. A legislative gap for separate stormwater dischargesintroduces uncertainty in the ...

Climate changes and urbanization push cities to redesign their drainage systems, which may increase separate stormwater discharges to local recipients. In the EU, regulation of these is governed by the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Floods Directive, but national implementation varies and is often supplemented with local non-legislative guidelines. By reviewing trends and discrepancies in the Danish regulation practice for separated stormwater discharges, this article investigates how the directives are put into effect. A legislative gap for separate stormwater discharges introduces uncertainty in the discharge permit conditions, which especially affect conditions targeting water quality. We point to several topics to be addressed, e.g., the level at which the regulation of separate stormwater discharges takes place, opportunities for coordination with flood risk and climate change adaptation initiatives, as well as uncertainties regarding the application of Best Available Techniques. Working with these issues would elevate the regulation practice and aid regulators in reaching a more holistic and consistent approach, thus improving chances of reaching the desired recipient status before or after the WFD deadline in 2027. This could be undertaken at river basin, river basin district or national level, but there is also potential for harvesting mutual benefits by addressing these challenges internationally.