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The present paper aims to explore the role of philanthropic private donations to knowledge creation in Greek universities and research institutions. Based on survey data and balance sheets of 260 mostly private foundations that finance educational and research activities in Greece, this paper consists the first systematic approach to assessing the impact of Greek philanthropy on fostering human capital development and knowledge creation in Greece. Our analysis shows that private donations are becoming an increasingly important source of revenue. Philanthropy has not substituted for government funding but rather acted as a complement of financing academic research that is too experimental, or too uncertain and therefore shunned by government funding. In an era of stagnant government funding and tight university budgets -mainly due to the 'Greek crisis'- for science programs, large donors are stepping in to help. On average, 15 to 20 million euros -through fellowships and grants- every year and for the last five years are channelled into supporting research and human capital development within Greece as well as into financing the mobility of talented Greek students and academic personnel across EU educational and research institutions.

Previous studies that investigated the export led growth hypothesis, relied upon Granger or Sims causality detection approach. Since these approaches employ first differenced variables, any inference could be short-run in nature. In this paper we consider the relation between exports and economic growth to be a long-run phenomenon. After applying Johansen's cointegration technique to establish the long-run relationship between exports and output (in presence of other factors), we rely upon weak exogeneity tests proposed by Johansen to establish exogeneity of exports or output. Annual data over 1960-99 period from 61 countries are used for analysis. The results are country specific and there is no uniform pattern.

The paper estimates an empirical model that is consistent with a variety of Research and Development (R&D)-driven models of growth where technology is transmitted via trade to other industries, both domestically and internationally, by being embodied in differentiated intermediate goods. The evidence is based on data from 21 manufacturing industries in six European Union countries for the period 1980–1997. The contribution of the paper lies in showing how by including human capital in the model and employing suitable econometric procedures the magnitude of R&D spillovers reported in the existing literature can be affected, while pointing to a major role of human capital in economic growth process. ; N/A

Abstract
Migration has manifested itself to historic highs, creating divisive views among politicians, policy makers, and individuals. The present paper studies the Europeans' attitudes toward immigration, focusing particularly on the role of social capital. Based on 267,282 respondents from 22 countries and over the period 2002–2014, we find that despite the eventful past years, Europeans, on average, are positive toward immigrants with the North European countries to be the least xenophobic. A salient finding of our analysis is that regardless of the impact of other contextual factors, namely, a country's macroeconomic conditions, ethnic diversity, cultural origin, and individuals' attributes, social capital associates with positive attitudes toward all immigrants, independent of their background. Furthermore, social capital moderates the negative effects of perceived threat on people's opinions about immigrants.

In this paper, we introduce a special issue of Small Business Economics on Financial and Institutional Reforms for an Entrepreneurial Society in Europe. There are many reasons for Europe to want to make the transition to a more entrepreneurial society. And for decades now, policy makers are trying to bring that transition about with variations on the "educate, deregulate and finance"- approach to entrepreneurship. We argue that more fundamental reforms are required to improve the entrepreneurial ecosystem and bring about this transition. We then discuss the twelve contributions that pertain to five different facets of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The first two papers address the most fundamental institutional foundations of the ecosystem. The next three papers discuss the (lack of) access to knowledge and incentives to start innovative entrepreneurial ventures. That is followed by three papers that focus on the institutions that (fail to) channel financial resources to such ventures and two papers that analyze the relevance of labor market institutions. The special issue concludes with two papers investigating how the interplay of institutions and productive entrepreneurship results in economic growth.

In this paper, we introduce the special issue on Financial and Institutional Reforms for an Entrepreneurial Society in Europe. There are many reasons for Europe to want to make the transition to a more Entrepreneurial Society. And for decades now, policy makers are trying to bring that transition about with variations on the "educate, deregulate and finance" approach to entrepreneurship. We argue that more fundamental reforms are required to improve the entrepreneurial ecosystem and bring about this transition. We then discuss the 12 contributions that pertain to five different facets of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The first two papers address the most fundamental institutional foundations of the ecosystem. The next three papers discuss the (lack of) access to knowledge and incentives to start innovative entrepreneurial ventures. That is followed by three papers that focus on the institutions that (fail to) channel financial resources to such ventures and two papers that analyze the relevance of labor market institutions. The special issue concludes with two papers investigating how the interplay of institutions and productive entrepreneurship results in economic growth.

In this paper, we introduce the special issue on Financial and Institutional Reforms for an Entrepreneurial Society in Europe. There are many reasons for Europe to want to make the transition to a more Entrepreneurial Society. And for decades now, policy makers are trying to bring that transition about with variations on the Beducate, deregulate and finance^ approach to entrepreneurship. We argue that more fundamental reforms are required to improve the entrepreneurial ecosystem and bring about this transition. We then discuss the 12 contributions that pertain to five different facets of the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The first two papers address the most fundamental institutional foundations of the ecosystem. The next three papers discuss the (lack of) access to knowledge and incentives to start innovative entrepreneurial ventures. That is followed by three papers that focus on the institutions that (fail to) channel financial resources to such ventures and two papers that analyze the relevance of labor market institutions. The special issue concludes with two papers investigating how the interplay of institutions and productive entrepreneurship results in economic growth.

PurposeTo avoid aggregation bias by using trade data at bilateral level so that we can determine how sensitive are Britain's inpayments and outpayments to the value of the British pound.Design/methodology/approachThe method is based on the bounds testing approach to cointegration and error‐correction modeling.FindingsThe main finding is that while UK inpayments are not sensitive to the exchange rate, her outpayments are.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research must concentrate on disaggregating data further, perhaps at commodity level.Practical implicationsThe results could be used to identify Britain's trading partners against which Britain can devalue the pound and improve her trade balance.Originality/valueNo study has attempted to test the impact of real depreciation of the pound on Britain's payments and receipts with her major trading partners.