Suchergebnisse

One of the most contentious topics of discussion in Aviation today revolves around what many describe as the "overcrowding" of Heathrow Airport in London. Operating at over 99% capacity between its only 2 runways, Heathrow is the world's busiest airport, a title which it has had difficulty taking pride in due to its implications ("Airport Capacity in London," 2013). This has also been an ordeal for passengers navigating through the airport and experiencing the often absurdly long delays as aircraft are kept in holding patterns over the congested airport waiting to land, but also for airlines that have had to pay the airport holding company – Heathrow Airport Holdings – increasingly higher fees to continue operating there ("Company Information," n.d.). The British government has established a number of commissions, including the more recent Airports Commission in 2012 to attempt to resolve this ("About Us," 2015). The only option the commission has determined to be viable is to expand Heathrow Airport with the addition of a third runway (Davies et al., 2015). This option has been quite controversial with many parties within London, especially the residents of the communities surrounding the airport. This project will be taking a deep dive into the airport's rich but troublesome history and consider whether an expansion would really be the most feasible option here or if there are some better options that need to be brought to light. This is a very intricate topic, and this project will emphasize many of the hurdles that have prevented a viable solution from yet being implemented.

After giving an overview of Fijian geography, recent history and latest econmic development, this study deals with a detailed description of the country's financial system and its institutional arrangement. In particular the reader is informed about the Reserve Bank of Fiji, its domestic and international monetary policy anad the country's supply of demand for money. Finally, the author gives some remarks about strategies for the conduct of monetary policy in Fiji. (DÜI-Sbt)

The case study presented in this paper combines citation- and discourse network analyses to explore entrepreneurial strategies and their long-term impact on public policy. The analysis draws on and develops previously published research that documents entrepreneurial influences on British road policy since the 1980s. Drawing in particular upon evidence presented in the 2013 Action for Roads White Paper, we conclude that it is not enough to focus research on a policy entrepreneur's capacity to mobilize a majority for policy change through skillful leadership and the strategic use of expertise and social capital to gain the expected benefits. Studies must also take into account the fact that once influential individuals may still impact legislation in an advisory capacity by focusing resources on a particular arena. More importantly, this strategy can, in the long term, explain why British road policy tends to remain relatively stable.

At the decision-making stage, a large-scale infrastructure project is essentially a broad concept, and this means the expert analyses will differ from each other and become contested over time, leading to the emergence of rival narratives. It is only where there is a limited range of expert analyses that the bases for decision-making will remain relatively clear-cut. Over time the contested nature of expertise can significantly inhibit the construction of effective narratives, either for or against the project, and also make decision-making more complex and problematic. Decision makers may also seek greater clarification through the construction of narratives that rise above these disputed areas of expertise, and the scientific evidence becomes less important. This paper examines the changing nature of contested expertise through a comparative analysis of political decision-making between UK trunk roads policy and the case of High Speed Rail 2, through the framework of epistemic communities.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES SOME OF THE PROCESSES CONDITIONING BOTH POLICY STABILITY AND POLICY CHANGE. IT FOCUSES ON HOW ESTABLISHED POLICY COMMUNITIES *USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH POLICY STABILITY) CAN EXIST ALONGSIDE A POWERFUL DYNAMIC OF CHANGE WITHIN THE POLICY SUBSYSTEM. BY LISTING AND ANALYZING AGENTS OF EXOGENOUS AND ENDOGENOUS STABILITY AND CHANGE, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT THE CONCEPTS OF EPISTEMIC COMMUNITIES, ADVOCACY COALITIONS AND CHOICE OF "IMAGE" AND "VENUE" ARE USEFUL IN EXPLAINING THE CO-EXISTENCE OF STABILITY AND CHANGE. IN THE CASE OF BRITISH TRUNK ROADS POLICY, THIS STABILITY AND CHANGE CAN BE EXPLAINED BY THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROAD AND ENVIRONMENT LOBBIES AR RIVAL ADVERSARIAL POLICY COMMUNITIES OPERATING IN SEPARATE AND COMPETING POLICY ARENAS. THE ARTICLE CONCLUDES THAT, ALTHOUGH ONE OF THE ADVERSARIAL COMMUNITIES MAY HOLD AN ADVANTAGE OVER THE OTHER AT A PARTICULAR TIME, THE SCOPE FOR ACTION IN A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT POLICY-MAKING ARENAS MAKES IT UNLIKELY THAT IT WILL RETAIN SUPREMACY OVER TIME. RADICAL CHANGE IS MOST LIKELY TO BE BROUGHT ABOUT BY FACTORS EXOGENOUS TO POLICY COMMUNITIES SUCH AS SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.

New technologies are playing an increasingly important part in shaping the development of city transport and the wider built environment. Relatively litt le att ention has, however, been given to how the technologies evolve in social and political terms, so that the public are not just seen as the passive receivers of new technology. Technological transitions are not only about the technology, but also about the social and political implications of innovation and how people respond to the new mobility. Participatory exchange and the policy process are essential parts of that approach. This paper explores the dynamics of how a technological innovation failed as a niche-innovation in terms of the socio-technical transitions framework. It uses the case study of the Mobike dockless bicycle hire scheme in Manchester to illustrate the reasons for failure. These included poor participatory practice in the earlier stages of the scheme, together with the inability of the innovator to respond appropriately through participatory exchange, including the direct participation of the public through the technology, in the implementation stage.

The ride-hailing company Uber has achieved extremely rapid global expansion by means of outmanoeuvring governments, regulators and competitors. The rise of the company has been based on a deliberate strategy of acting as a market disruptive innovator through a user friendly technology and making use of the 'sharing economy'. These attributes are not unique, but are distinctively augmented by a relentless expansionary ambition and an ability to maintain the capacity to innovate. Uber has generated great political controversy, but the challenge for governments and regulators is to embrace the benefits of the disruptive innovator, while adopting an approach that takes into account the full range of impacts. For Uber, the challenge is to maintain its expansionary style as a disruptive innovator, while also redefining on its terms the political and public debate. The case study of London provides important insights into the dynamics of these processes.