Suchergebnisse

Les recherches portant sur les représentations des plus âgés dans les sociétés rurales africaines restent rares. Pour remédier à ce manque de la littérature, nous avons mené une enquête quantitative exploratoire sur un échantillon de 500 individus, représentatif de la population de Téssékéré (zone du Ferlo, Sénégal). Nos résultats montrent que les représentations des plus âgés sont majoritairement positives dans la société peule du Ferlo. Elles reposent sur des rôles sociaux valorisés, notamment ceux de conseillers et de médiateurs – œuvrant à la paix sociale – ainsi que ceux liés à la surveillance et à l'éducation des enfants. Une forte hétérogénéité de ces représentations a cependant aussi été mise en évidence – comme dans toutes les sociétés où cette question a été étudiée. En comparant ces résultats avec la littérature portant sur les sociétés occidentales, ce travail indique que les différences entre les sociétés industrielles et la société du Ferlo ne sont pas tant des différences qualitatives que quantitatives. Partant de cette observation empirique, la notion d'utilité sociale a été mobilisée en lieu et place de celle de modernité, afin de rendre compte de l'influence de la culture sur ces représentations.

L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser les changements en germe dans les représentations des personnes âgées dépendantes, en France, au travers du prisme du corps vieillissant. Pour aborder cette problématique, 29 entretiens compréhensifs ont été réalisés avec des femmes âgées de 65 à 75 ans, à Marseille en 2011. Après une brève analyse de la notion de dépendance dans les sociétés individualistes, puis des liens qui l'unissent à la vieillesse et aux personnes âgées en France, nous détaillerons les progrès biomédicaux et techniques qui ont permis la transformation des corps vieillissants dans leur infrastructure matérielle. Nous comprendrons alors pourquoi la dépendance, telle qu'elle est utilisée en gérontologie, est, si l'on peut dire, une notion en « fin de vie ».

Préface /Stéphanie Thiébault --Introduction /Gilles Boëtsch et Priscilla Duboz --Pt. 1.Eau, sols, climat --Cadre climatique et ressources en eau --Caractérisation physico-chimique des sols --Influence des houppiers de quelques espèces végétales sur la biomasse microbienne et le taux d'azote minéral d'un sol ferrugineux tropical --Pt. 2.Biodiversité floristique et faunistique --Diversité floristique de la végétation --Les usages sociaux du dattier du désert Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. --Influence des reboisements sur la biodiversité des Insectes --Inventaire des grands mammifères sauvages dans la zone de reboisement --La communauté des petits Rongeurs : tendances historiques et caractéristiques du peuplement actuel --Pt. 3.Systèmes sociaux --Des jardins au-delà du développement : une étude comparée des jardins polyvalents villageois de Widou --Foodscape entre migrations et circulations --L'eau dans le Ferlo --L'élevage pastoral --Les mobilités : enclavement, dynamiques de développement local --Pt. 4.Santé et variabilité physiologique des populations --La santé bucco-dentaire --Épidémiologie des maladies parasitaires --Hypertension artérielle des populations sahéliennes et salinité de l'eau de boisson --Les facteurs associés à la santé perçue à Widou Thiengoly --Ethnobotanique des plantes utilisées contre les rhumatismes chez les Peuls --Conclusion /Colonel Papa Sarr --Postface /Robert Chenorkian.

The general objective of this article is to analyze to what extent the implementation of the Great Green Wall project is likely to disrupt migratory movements towards the rural environment and, consequently, the socio-economic structures and health status of local populations. This study was carried out in 2015 on a population sample of 500 individuals living in the municipality of Tessekere, constructed using the quota method. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, migratory status and self-rated health of individuals were collected during face-to-face interviews. Statistical analyses used were Chi-square tests, student and binary logistic regressions. Results show that internal migrants in the municipality of Tessekere represent 13.40% of the study population. Migrants more often work as civil servants, artisans, craft workers or traders than the region's native population, who are generally livestock breeders or jobless. While place of birth does not play a significant role, it appears that the length of residence of migrants in rural areas influences health status: migrants residing in the municipality of Tessekere for less than 10 years are less likely to report poor health, regardless of their sex, age, occupation, material well-being and perceived stress. In conclusion, an environmental requirement (combating desertification), addressed by an international political project - the Great Green Wall - and then applied at the national level, has transformed the demographic, economic and health structure of a local population. In conclusion, our study showed that (1) an examination of migration can offer a means of interpreting the impact of development projects and the local changes they entail, and (2) migration is a unique prism through which one can study how exposure to a new physical and social environment influences the health of populations.

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study in Dakar were twofold: to determine whether the representations of older adults are mainly positive, neutral or negative in the Senegalese capital; and to analyse the emic notions on which these age representations are based. As a first step in understanding how older adults are represented in this contemporary urban African context, a methodology was selected that is both quantitative and qualitative, including closed and open-ended questions to a representative cross-section of the Dakar population aged 20 years and over (N=600). The results indicate that representations of older adults, while heterogeneous, were mainly positive in Dakar: 63.7 per cent reported positive representations of older adults. Conversely, 17.5 per cent believed that older adults were perceived negatively. Lastly, 18.8 per cent reported that they did not perceive positive or negative social views of older adults. Representations of older adults were based on three principal notions: the value of advanced age, social usefulness of older adults and family ties. These results are discussed in the context of Dakar modernity, in comparison to Western modernity. Dakar society appears to depart from modernisation theory, as the experiential wisdom of older adults is still valued (mainly through the importance of oral tradition) and the extended family is upheld (given the permanent economic crisis the country is experiencing).

Les objectifs de cette étude sont : premièrement, de définir la part de la population marseillaise ciblée par l'Établissement français du sang Alpes-Méditerranée (E.F.S. A-M) en tant qu'établissement de santé; deuxièmement, d'évaluer le recouvrement entre la diversité populationnelle observée à Marseille et celle de la population des donneurs de sang marseillais; et troisièmement, de déterminer si l'E.F.S. A-M peut être un observatoire de la diversité populationnelle marseillaise. La population des donneurs de sang marseillais apparaît dans les résultats comme plus jeune et plus féminisée que la population marseillaise. Par ailleurs, si les donneurs de sang étrangers sont nettement sous-représentés, ce sont les dons effectués par leurs enfants qui permettent le recouvrement de la diversité populationnelle. En conclusion, l'E.F.S. A-M est un observatoire original de la population marseillaise, car en reflétant la participation de la population conduite à donner son sang, il permet également l'étude de la participation des générations marseillaises d'origine étrangère à cet acte citoyen qu'est le don de sang en France.

Les objectifs de cette étude sont de comparer les caractéristiques 1) des migrants installés à Dakar et des personnes d'origine dakaroise et 2) des migrants internes en fonction du genre et de leur période d'installation dans la capitale. Pour cela, un échantillon de 600 personnes, représentatif de la population dakaroise âgée de 20 ans et plus, a été constitué. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la migration interne vers Dakar est majoritairement d'origine urbaine. Les migrants récents ont un niveau de scolarité plus élevé et s'installent à un âge plus avancé à Dakar que les migrants anciens. Les femmes migrent plus souvent dans le cadre du mariage et les hommes, dans le but de poursuivre leurs études. Bien que Dakar reste une destination centrale de migration interne au Sénégal, le profil de ses migrants s'est largement modifié au cours des 60 dernières années.

AbstractSenegal is experiencing a rising obesity epidemic, due to the nutrition transition occurring in most African countries, and driven by sedentary behaviour and high-calorie dietary intake. In addition, the anthropological local drivers of the social valorization of processed high-calorie food and large body sizes could expose the population to obesity risk. This study aimed to determine the impact of these biocultural factors on the nutritional status of Senegalese adults. A mixed methods approach was used, including qualitative and quantitative studies. Between 2011 and 2013, fourteen focus group discussions (n=84) and a cross-sectional quantitative survey (n=313 women;n=284 men) of adults in three different socio-ecological areas of Senegal (rural:n=204; suburban:n=206; urban:n=187) were conducted. Dietary intake (Dietary Diversity Scores), physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), body weight norms (Body Size Scale), weight and health statuses (anthropometric measures and blood pressure) were measured. Middle-aged and older Senegalese women were found to value overweight/obesity more than younger Senegalese in all regions. In addition, young urban/suburban adults had a tendency for daily snacking whilst urban/suburban adults tended to be less physically active and had higher anthropometric means. A binary logistic regression model showed that being female, older, living in urban/suburban areas and valuing larger body size were independently associated with being overweight/obese, but not high-calorie diet. Univariate analyses showed that lower physical activity and higher socioeconomic status were associated with being overweight/obese. Finally, overweight/obesity, which is low in men, is associated with hypertension in the total sample. The nutrition transition is currently underway in Senegal's urban/suburban areas, with older women being more affected. Since several specific biocultural factors jointly contribute to this phenomenon, the study's findings suggest the need for local public health interventions that target women and which account for the anthropological specificities of the Senegalese population.

Research in the humanities and social sciences (HSS), which is regularly asked the question of its "usefulness", has been massively mobilized in the first part of the year 2020, both by the media and institutions. It has shown itself to be highly responsive, adapting its schedules and objectives, and modifying its intervention formats (webinars, distance learning courses). It was much present, despite the inequalities generated by the lockdown, particularly in terms of gender. The aim of this work is to offer the reader an analysis mobilizing the work of the SHS as a whole. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it weaves the threads, through the questions it addresses, from one discipline to another, composing a whole in which the social sciences and humanities resonate with one another, deploy their complementarity, and create a common analysis. Its objective is to emphasize the existence of a scientific capital of the HSS as such, to address the various questions raised by the Covid-19 pandemic. Current HSS research on the pandemic, its political management, and its stakes, is not developed ex nihilo. While taking the measure of the specificity of the present times, it is based on a set of theoretical frameworks, methods and analyses elaborated in other contexts, remobilized, updated and enriched in the light of the issues associated with the Covid 19 pandemic. Moreover, this work aims at taking into account from the outset the global dimension of the pandemic, and not just the French situation. Thus, several national and even continental contexts are explored on one point or another and the global dimension of the pandemic is taken into account as such. Finally, this document also looks at the very way in which the humanities and social sciences were mobilized in France in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, at the collaborative forms and multidisciplinary practices particularly adopted in the face of this pandemic. It is structured in five parts: the first deals with the way in which the HSS make the crisis a ...

Research in the humanities and social sciences (HSS), which is regularly asked the question of its "usefulness", has been massively mobilized in the first part of the year 2020, both by the media and institutions. It has shown itself to be highly responsive, adapting its schedules and objectives, and modifying its intervention formats (webinars, distance learning courses). It was much present, despite the inequalities generated by the lockdown, particularly in terms of gender. The aim of this work is to offer the reader an analysis mobilizing the work of the SHS as a whole. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it weaves the threads, through the questions it addresses, from one discipline to another, composing a whole in which the social sciences and humanities resonate with one another, deploy their complementarity, and create a common analysis. Its objective is to emphasize the existence of a scientific capital of the HSS as such, to address the various questions raised by the Covid-19 pandemic. Current HSS research on the pandemic, its political management, and its stakes, is not developed ex nihilo. While taking the measure of the specificity of the present times, it is based on a set of theoretical frameworks, methods and analyses elaborated in other contexts, remobilized, updated and enriched in the light of the issues associated with the Covid 19 pandemic. Moreover, this work aims at taking into account from the outset the global dimension of the pandemic, and not just the French situation. Thus, several national and even continental contexts are explored on one point or another and the global dimension of the pandemic is taken into account as such. Finally, this document also looks at the very way in which the humanities and social sciences were mobilized in France in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, at the collaborative forms and multidisciplinary practices particularly adopted in the face of this pandemic. It is structured in five parts: the first deals with the way in which the HSS make the crisis a ...

Research in the humanities and social sciences (HSS), which is regularly asked the question of its "usefulness", has been massively mobilized in the first part of the year 2020, both by the media and institutions. It has shown itself to be highly responsive, adapting its schedules and objectives, and modifying its intervention formats (webinars, distance learning courses). It was much present, despite the inequalities generated by the lockdown, particularly in terms of gender. The aim of this work is to offer the reader an analysis mobilizing the work of the SHS as a whole. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it weaves the threads, through the questions it addresses, from one discipline to another, composing a whole in which the social sciences and humanities resonate with one another, deploy their complementarity, and create a common analysis. Its objective is to emphasize the existence of a scientific capital of the HSS as such, to address the various questions raised by the Covid-19 pandemic. Current HSS research on the pandemic, its political management, and its stakes, is not developed ex nihilo. While taking the measure of the specificity of the present times, it is based on a set of theoretical frameworks, methods and analyses elaborated in other contexts, remobilized, updated and enriched in the light of the issues associated with the Covid 19 pandemic. Moreover, this work aims at taking into account from the outset the global dimension of the pandemic, and not just the French situation. Thus, several national and even continental contexts are explored on one point or another and the global dimension of the pandemic is taken into account as such. Finally, this document also looks at the very way in which the humanities and social sciences were mobilized in France in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, at the collaborative forms and multidisciplinary practices particularly adopted in the face of this pandemic. It is structured in five parts: the first deals with the way in which the HSS make the crisis a ...

Research in the humanities and social sciences (HSS), which is regularly asked the question of its "usefulness", has been massively mobilized in the first part of the year 2020, both by the media and institutions. It has shown itself to be highly responsive, adapting its schedules and objectives, and modifying its intervention formats (webinars, distance learning courses). It was much present, despite the inequalities generated by the lockdown, particularly in terms of gender. The aim of this work is to offer the reader an analysis mobilizing the work of the SHS as a whole. Without claiming to be exhaustive, it weaves the threads, through the questions it addresses, from one discipline to another, composing a whole in which the social sciences and humanities resonate with one another, deploy their complementarity, and create a common analysis. Its objective is to emphasize the existence of a scientific capital of the HSS as such, to address the various questions raised by the Covid-19 pandemic. Current HSS research on the pandemic, its political management, and its stakes, is not developed ex nihilo. While taking the measure of the specificity of the present times, it is based on a set of theoretical frameworks, methods and analyses elaborated in other contexts, remobilized, updated and enriched in the light of the issues associated with the Covid 19 pandemic. Moreover, this work aims at taking into account from the outset the global dimension of the pandemic, and not just the French situation. Thus, several national and even continental contexts are explored on one point or another and the global dimension of the pandemic is taken into account as such. Finally, this document also looks at the very way in which the humanities and social sciences were mobilized in France in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, at the collaborative forms and multidisciplinary practices particularly adopted in the face of this pandemic. It is structured in five parts: the first deals with the way in which the HSS make the crisis a ...