Suchergebnisse

Preface -- Acknowledgments -- A New Source of Big Data -- Public Health: A Primer -- The Public Health Cycle -- Public Health Surveillance -- Sources of Data -- Limitations of Traditional Data -- Opportunities for Social Monitoring -- Social Data -- What is Social Data? -- Monitoring of Social Data -- Active vs. Passive Monitoring -- Types of Users -- Types of Platforms -- General-purpose Social Media -- Domain-specific Social Media -- Search and Browsing Activity -- Crowds and Markets -- Comparison of Platforms -- Types of Data -- Content -- Metadata -- Social Network Structure -- Data Collection -- Methods of Monitoring -- Quantitative Analysis -- Content Analysis and Filtering -- Trend Inference -- Individual Analysis -- Validation -- Qualitative Analysis -- Validation -- Study Design -- Study Population -- Causality -- Cross-sectional vs. Longitudinal Analysis -- Public Health Applications -- Disease Surveillance -- Influenza -- Other Infectious Diseases -- Non-infectious Diseases and Chronic Illness -- Systems and Resources -- Behavioral Medicine -- Diet and Fitness -- Substance Use -- Disease Prevention and Awareness -- Environmental and Urban Health -- Disaster and Emergency Response -- Foodborne Illness -- Air Quality -- Climate Change -- Gun Violence -- Healthcare Quality and Safety -- Healthcare Quality -- Medication Safety -- Mental Health -- Depression -- Suicide and Self-harm -- Mood -- Other Mental Health Issues -- Limitations and Concerns -- Methodological Limitations -- Limitations of Self-reported Data -- Sampling and Sample Size -- Reliability of Third-party Data -- Adversarial Concerns -- Bias -- Actionability Concerns -- Current Use by Practitioners -- Reliability of Web Intelligence -- Utility of Web Intelligence -- Decisions and Interventions -- Ethical Considerations -- Public Data -- User Interaction

China is home to the world's largest population, with the potential for disease outbreaks to affect billions. However, knowledge of Chinese vaccine acceptance trends is limited. In this work we use Chinese social media to track responses to the recent Changchun Changsheng Biotechnology vaccine scandal, which led to extensive discussion regarding vaccine safety and regulation in China. We analyzed messages from the popular Chinese microblogging platform Sina Weibo in July 2018 (n=11,085), and August 2019 (n=500). Thus, we consider Chinese vaccine acceptance, before, during, immediately after, and one year after the scandal occurred. Results show that expressions of distrust in government pertaining to vaccines increased significantly during and immediately after the scandal. Self-reports of vaccination occurred both before, and one year after, the scandal; however, these self-reports changed from positive endorsements of vaccination to concerns about vaccine harms. Data suggest that expressed support for vaccine acceptance in China may be decreasing.

The mass shooting at Sandy Hook elementary school on December 14, 2012 catalyzed a year of active debate and legislation on gun control in the United States. Social media hosted an active public discussion where people expressed their support and opposition to a variety of issues surrounding gun legislation. In this paper, we show how a content-based analysis of Twitter data can provide insights and understanding into this debate. We estimate the relative support and opposition to gun control measures, along with a topic analysis of each camp by analyzing over 70 million gun-related tweets from 2013. We focus on spikes in conversation surrounding major events related to guns throughout the year. Our general approach can be applied to other important public health and political issues to analyze the prevalence and nature of public opinion.

The #MeToo movement on Twitter has drawn attention to the pervasive nature of sexual harassment and violence. While #MeToo has been praised for providing support for self-disclosures of harassment or violence and shifting societal response, it has also been criticized for exemplifying how women of color have been discounted for their historical contributions to and excluded from feminist movements. Through an analysis of over 600,000 tweets from over 256,000 unique users, we examine online #MeToo conversations across gender and racial/ethnic identities and the topics that each demographic emphasized. We found that tweets authored by white women were overrepresented in the movement compared to other demographics, aligning with criticism of unequal representation. We found that intersected identities contributed differing narratives to frame the movement, co-opted the movement to raise visibility in parallel ongoing movements, employed the same hashtags both critically and supportively, and revived and created new hashtags in response to pivotal moments. Notably, tweets authored by black women often expressed emotional support and were critical about differential treatment in the justice system and by police. In comparison, tweets authored by white women and men often highlighted sexual harassment and violence by public figures and weaved in more general political discussions. We discuss the implications of this work for digital activism research and design, including suggestions to raise visibility by those who were under-represented in this hashtag activism movement. Content warning: this article discusses issues of sexual harassment and violence.

BackgroundThe death of George Floyd while in police custody has resurfaced serious questions about police conduct that result in the deaths of unarmed persons.ObjectiveData-driven strategies that identify and prioritize the public's needs may engender a public health response to improve policing. We assessed how internet searches indicative of interest in police reform changed after Mr Floyd's death.MethodsWe monitored daily Google searches (per 10 million total searches) that included the terms "police" and "reform(s)" (eg, "reform the police," "best police reforms," etc) originating from the United States between January 1, 2010, through July 5, 2020. We also monitored searches containing the term "police" with "training," "union(s)," "militarization," or "immunity" as markers of interest in the corresponding reform topics.ResultsThe 41 days following Mr Floyd's death corresponded with the greatest number of police "reform(s)" searches ever recorded, with 1,350,000 total searches nationally. Searches increased significantly in all 50 states and Washington DC. By reform topic, nationally there were 1,220,000 total searches for "police" and "union(s)"; 820,000 for "training"; 360,000 for "immunity"; and 72,000 for "militarization." In terms of searches for all policy topics by state, 33 states searched the most for "training," 16 for "union(s)," and 2 for "immunity." States typically in the southeast had fewer queries related to any police reform topic than other states. States that had a greater percentage of votes for President Donald Trump during the 2016 election searched more often for police "union(s)" while states favoring Secretary Hillary Clinton searched more for police "training."ConclusionsThe United States is at a historical juncture, with record interest in topics related to police reform with variability in search terms across states. Policy makers can respond to searches by considering the policies their constituencies are searching for online, notably police training and unions. Public health leaders can respond by engaging in the subject of policing and advocating for evidence-based policy reforms.

BackgroundThe death of George Floyd while in police custody has resurfaced serious questions about police conduct that result in the deaths of unarmed persons.ObjectiveData-driven strategies that identify and prioritize the public's needs may engender a public health response to improve policing. We assessed how internet searches indicative of interest in police reform changed after Mr Floyd's death.MethodsWe monitored daily Google searches (per 10 million total searches) that included the terms "police" and "reform(s)" (eg, "reform the police," "best police reforms," etc) originating from the United States between January 1, 2010, through July 5, 2020. We also monitored searches containing the term "police" with "training," "union(s)," "militarization," or "immunity" as markers of interest in the corresponding reform topics.ResultsThe 41 days following Mr Floyd's death corresponded with the greatest number of police "reform(s)" searches ever recorded, with 1,350,000 total searches nationally. Searches increased significantly in all 50 states and Washington DC. By reform topic, nationally there were 1,220,000 total searches for "police" and "union(s)"; 820,000 for "training"; 360,000 for "immunity"; and 72,000 for "militarization." In terms of searches for all policy topics by state, 33 states searched the most for "training," 16 for "union(s)," and 2 for "immunity." States typically in the southeast had fewer queries related to any police reform topic than other states. States that had a greater percentage of votes for President Donald Trump during the 2016 election searched more often for police "union(s)" while states favoring Secretary Hillary Clinton searched more for police "training."ConclusionsThe United States is at a historical juncture, with record interest in topics related to police reform with variability in search terms across states. Policy makers can respond to searches by considering the policies their constituencies are searching for online, notably police training and unions. Public health ...

Objectives. To understand changes in how Facebook pages frame vaccine opposition. Methods. We categorized 204 Facebook pages expressing vaccine opposition, extracting public posts through November 20, 2019. We analyzed posts from October 2009 through October 2019 to examine if pages' content was coalescing. Results. Activity in pages promoting vaccine choice as a civil liberty increased in January 2015, April 2016, and January 2019 (t[76] = 11.33 [P < .001]; t[46] = 7.88 [P < .001]; and t[41] = 17.27 [P < .001], respectively). The 2019 increase was strongest in pages mentioning US states (t[41] = 19.06; P < .001). Discussion about vaccine safety decreased (r(s)[119] = −0.61; P < .001) while discussion about civil liberties increased (r(s)[119] = 0.33; Py < .001]). Page categories increasingly resembled one another (civil liberties: r(s)[119] = −0.50 [P < .001]; alternative medicine: r(s)[84] = −0.77 [P < .001]; conspiracy theories: r(s)[119] = −0.46 [P < .001]; morality: r(s)[106] = −0.65 [P < .001]; safety and efficacy: r(s)[119] = −0.46 [P < .001]). Conclusions. The "Disneyland" measles outbreak drew vaccine opposition into the political mainstream, followed by promotional campaigns conducted in pages framing vaccine refusal as a civil right. Political mobilization in state-focused pages followed in 2019. Public Health Implications. Policymakers should expect increasing attempts to alter state legislation associated with vaccine exemptions, potentially accompanied by fiercer lobbying from specific celebrities.

School shootings tear the fabric of society. In the wake of a school shooting, parents, pediatricians, policymakers, politicians, and the public search for "the" cause of the shooting. But there is no single cause. The causes of school shootings are extremely complex. After the Sandy Hook Elementary School rampage shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, we wrote a report for the National Science Foundation on what is known and not known about youth violence. This article summarizes and updates that report. After distinguishing violent behavior from aggressive behavior, we describe the prevalence of gun violence in the United States and age-related risks for violence. We delineate important differences between violence in the context of rare rampage school shootings, and much more common urban street violence. Acts of violence are influenced by multiple factors, often acting together. We summarize evidence on some major risk factors and protective factors for youth violence, highlighting individual and contextual factors, which often interact. We consider new quantitative "data mining" procedures that can be used to predict youth violence perpetrated by groups and individuals, recognizing critical issues of privacy and ethical concerns that arise in the prediction of violence. We also discuss implications of the current evidence for reducing youth violence, and we offer suggestions for future research. We conclude by arguing that the prevention of youth violence should be a national priority. (PsycINFO Database Record