Suchergebnisse

Algebra is blamed as an abstract way of thinking in mathematics learning. Writing equations from given text is a skill. Logical and step by step noting information help to write the correct equation. It is transferring text to symbols. This study aimed to investigate secondary school student's misconceptions in writing equations in algebra. 414 secondary school students enrolled at 4 Islamabad Model Schools of sector Islamabad was the sample of the study. A multiple-choice test based on 4 items was used as an instrument. The test has 4 statements and 4 options from which one is the correct answer and others are related to some misconceptions of students. Test was administered during their class. Student's response patterns were observed. Frequency percentages and ratios were used to analyze data. Two types of misconceptions "arithmetic process" and "missing reference" were identified in student's responses whereas the other three misconceptions "pro-numeral as unit", "addictive nature" and "changes" were not reported by students' responses. It is concluded that the main reason behind these misconceptions seems related to classroom practice. Students try to translate words into the arithmetic process to write an equation by given text. Further, they do not focus on reference terms given in text and they ignore/miss it while writing equations. It is recommended to the teachers they need to clear the concept given in word problems and give teach them with logic what is meant by which word in the problem. There is a need for focused classroom activities to overcome these misconceptions.

Introduction: Pharmaceutical care provided by clinical pharmacists is defined as "the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life". It has been proven to be useful and helpful in improving the medication quality for both ambulatory and hospitalized patients with various diseases such as hypertension, asthma, dyslipidemia, heart failure, and tuberculosis. Objectives of the study: The basic aim of the study is to find the pharmaceutical care on clinical outcomes among hemodialysis patients. Material and methods: This study was conducted at Mayo hospital, Lahore during 2018. This study was a randomized, controlled, prospective trial with 6-month follow-up. The PC accentuates the motivation and patient education regarding the knowledge about the drugs, disease, lifestyle modifications, nutritional information, personal interview, and medication review. Results: A total number of 100 patients were recruited during the study. The baseline outcomes such as IDW, Hb levels, BP and medication adherence rate scores have not been significantly differ. The changes in the outcomes of IDW, Hb levels, BP, and medication adherence rate scores at different time intervals are given in the tables of the academic hospital, government hospital and corporate hospital data respectively in table 02. Conclusion: It is concluded that extra pharmaceutical care provided by pharmacist to HD patients can improve the overall clinical outcomes, such as the levels of FBG, HbA1c, TC, the target attainment rates of HbA1c and BP, and also medication adherences, which contribute greatly to therapeutic effect.