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Direct funding to users, or student-choice programs, are usually referred to as 'voucher schemes' in the literature. The literature, however, has little to say about vouchers in the context of post-secondary education. A voucher scheme at the elementary or secondary school level operates in an environment of com- pulsory attendance and makes vouchers available to all school-age children who use them to buy education at the school of their choice. At the post-secondary level, where attendance is not compulsory, a voucher scheme would have to take into account (among other things) how many vouchers to make available, how much they should be worth, and who would receive them. In this respect vouchers resemble scholarships. They could, of course, be made available to all students admitted to an accredited post-secondary institution; on the other hand, if the supply of vouchers were limited, they could be rationed on the basis of academic achievement, family income, athletic ability, competi- tive examinations, etc. The term 'voucher schemes' has become synonymous with systems that emphasize student choice in determining the allocation of resources to and within education. The coinage of the term is generally attributed to Milton Friedman, who used it in his 1955 essay, 'The Role of Government in Education'.1 In 1980 Friedman re-examined and reaffirmed the concept in a much-publicized book he wrote in collaboration with Rose Friedman, 'Free to Choose'.2 More recently still John Holland and Saeed Quazi,3 in a study done for the Secretary of State, reviewed the voucher literature and proposed a scheme that incorporates a financial aid component with a means test. Generally speaking, the reasons put forward for adopting a voucher scheme are these: greater social equity, improved institutional efficiency, enhanced federal visibility in funding of post-secondary education, and promotion of specific fields of study.

"April 2005." ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-110). ; 1. Wither space nuclear power? -- 2. Space nuclear power as trans-scientific public policy -- 3. Political permission, the contemporary dimensions -- 4. A trans-scientific political engagement strategy -- 5. Conclusions. ; Mode of access: Internet.

To commemorate the auspicious occasion of the 30th anniversary of IPC, leading pioneers in the field of cardioprotection gathered in Barcelona in May 2016 to review and discuss the history of IPC, its evolution to IPost and RIC, myocardial reperfusion injury as a therapeutic target, and future targets and strategies for cardioprotection. This article provides an overview of the major topics discussed at this special meeting and underscores the huge importance and impact, the discovery of IPC has made in the field of cardiovascular research. ; DJH was funded by the British Heart Foundation (Grant Number FS/10/039/28270), the Rosetrees Trust, and is supported by the National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre. HEB was funded by the Danish Council for Independent Research (11-108354), the Danish Council for Strategic Research (11-115818), the Novo-Nordisk Foundation and Trygfonden. PF was funded by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA K 109737 and ANN 107803). HACF is funded by a Startup Grant of the ``Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System'' (ECCPS) from the German Research Foundation (DFG, Bonn, Germany) and the ``Peter und Traudl Engelhorn-Stiftung'' (Weilheim, Germany) and in part by the Russian Government Program for competitive growth of Kazan Federal University, Kazan (Russian Federation). GH was supported by the German Research Foundation (He 1320/18-3 and SFB 1116/B8). TM was funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research \#23591086, \#2646113). MRS was funded by Novo-Nordisk Foundation. DG-D is supported by the Spanish Institute of Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Grants PIE 13/00027, RETICS-RIC, RD12/0042/0021, and PI14/01431). RS and PF were funded by the European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD) New Horizons Collaborative Research Initiative from the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST EU-ROS). PF was funded by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA K 109737 and ANN 107803). ; Sí