Suchergebnisse

Jiang-Lin Wang,1* Wei-Jun Zhang,2* Min Gao,2 Shengfa Zhang,2 Dong-Hua Tian,2* Jun Chen1,3,4* 1Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 2School of Social Development and Public policy, China Institute of Health, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 3Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, 4Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, Peoples' Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work Objective: The present study aimed to develop a culturally appropriate and functional Standard Mandarin Chinese translation of the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SF-MPQ-2) and to assess its reliability and validity for characterizing chronic visceral pain in Chinese patients.Background: The SF-MPQ-2 has been widely used in studies of pain epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, and even pathophysiologic mechanisms to assess the major symptoms of clinical pain. Previous reports have shown favorable reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the SF-MPQ-2 in diverse samples of patients with chronic and acute pain. However, a culturally appropriate, functional Chinese version of the scale has never been developed.Methods: Beaton's guidelines were used for the translation and back-translation procedures. Patients (n=145) with chronic visceral pain were recruited to complete the Standard Mandarin Chinese version of the SF-MPQ-2 (SF-MPQ-2-CN), of which 41 were asked to complete the SF-MPQ-2-CN a second time, 3 days after the initial visit. The test–retest reliability was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess internal consistency. Possible components were determined by exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, and a value of 0.4 was considered requisite for the loading of each factor.Results: The ICC for subscales ranged from 0.909 to 0.952, and that of the total scale was 0.927, suggesting excellent reliability and validity of the SF-MPQ-2-CN. Cronbach's alpha for subscales ranged from 0.896 to 0.916, and that of the total scale was 0.836 and 0.831 for primary and secondary visits, respectively. The factor loading matrix of the SF-MPQ-2-CN ranged from 0.734 to 0.901 for each of the following subscales: continuous, intermittent, neuropathic, and affective, revealing four components similar to the original scale.Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the SF-MPQ-2-CN scale are statistically acceptable for the evaluation of Chinese patients with chronic visceral pain. Keywords: chronic visceral pain, Chinese version of short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2, exploratory factor analysis, reliability, validity

The Cambridge Workshops on Universal Access and Assistive Technology (CWUAAT) is one of the few gatherings where people interested in inclusive design, across different fields, including designers, computer scientists, engineers, architects, ergonomists, ethnographers, policymakers and user communities, meet, discuss, and collaborate. CWUAAT has also become an international workshop, representing diverse cultures including Portugal, Germany, Trinidad and Tobago, Canada, Australia, China, Norway, USA, Belgium, UK, and many more. The workshop has five main themes based on barriers identified in the developing field of design for inclusion: I Breaking Down Barriers between Disciplines II Breaking Down Barriers between Users, Designers and Developers III Removing Barriers to Usability, Accessibility and Inclusive Design IV Breaking Down Barriers between People with Impairments and Those without V Breaking Down Barriers between Research and Policy-making In the context of developing demographic changes leading to greater numbers of older people and people living with impairments, the general field of inclusive design research strives to relate the capabilities of the population to the design of products, services, and spaces. CWUAAT has always had a successful multidisciplinary focus, but if genuine transdisciplinary fields are to evolve from this, the final barriers to integrated research must be identified and characterised. Only then will benefits be realised in an inclusive society. Barriers do not arise from impairments themselves, but instead, are erected by humans, who often have not considered a greater variation in sensory, cognitive and physical user capabilities. Barriers are not only technical or architectural, but they also exist between different communities of professionals. Our continual goal with the CWUAAT workshop series is to break down barriers in technical, physical, and architectural design, as well as barriers between different professional communities.

This paper was published in the journal Nordic Journal of Architectural Research and the definitive published version is available at http://arkitekturforskning.net/na/issue/view/82 ; This paper presents an explorative study on the relation between architectural practice and inclusive design. It is hypothesised that the limited adoption of inclusive design in architectural practice may relate to a particular mind-set and/or a lack of information formats that are compatible with (architectural) design practice. The first part of this paper reviews literature from various design disciplines on potential factors that influence the adoption of inclusive design. Influences are sought in the direction of the international context of inclusive design, the limitations of current information formats, and the specific context of architectural practice. The second part of this paper reports empirical research results from 20 interviews with different stakeholders in architectural practice in Flanders, Belgium. The aim of these interviews was to investigate current perceptions, sources and tools, as well as perceived barriers and motivations for inclusive design. Combining these findings with those from other design disciplines reveals opportunities for a closer relation between architectural practice and inclusive design. It was found that a focus on accessibility legislation – both in terms of content and format– inhibits a potential broader understanding of user experience, which could correspond more to architects' way of working.

AbstractWith the development of smart technology and aging societies, the living and housing environments for older people are undergoing transformation. Designers must understand the changing capabilities, lifestyles, preferences, and inspirations of older people for their future homes, in which the kitchen is seen as the heart. To gain a deeper understanding of the requirements of older people in promoting healthier lifestyles and inclusive daily practices, the authors identified five key factors of kitchen design through a literature review, developing an initial model. Subsequently, a focus group was conducted in the UK to explore the perspectives and expectations of older people, where metaphors for future kitchens were collected, and further insights were used to refine the model. The refined model for a future-inclusive kitchen encompasses six dimensions: Environment/space, Technology/interaction, Emotion/affect, Health and safety, Human factors and well-being, and Sustainability. Through using metaphors, this study offers a multidimensional lens to investigate the future user experience of inclusive kitchens. The significance of this study lies in the originality of combining a literature review, and user study with design metaphors. A future-proof inclusive kitchen design model is proposed to provide guidance for future design directions of age-friendly environments.

Abstract Background Since the global standards for postgraduate medical education (PGME) were published in January 2003, they have gained worldwide attention. The current state of residency training programs in medical-school-affiliated hospitals throughout China was assessed in this study. Methods Based on the internationally recognized global standards for PGME, residents undergoing residency training at that time and the relevant residency training instructors and management personnel from 15 medical-school-affiliated hospitals throughout China were recruited and surveyed regarding the current state of residency training programs. A total of 938 questionnaire surveys were distributed between June 30, 2006 and July 30, 2006; of 892 surveys collected, 841 were valid. Results For six items, the total proportions of "basically meets standards" and "completely meets standards" were <70% for the basic standards. These items were identified in the fields of "training settings and educational resources", "evaluation of training process", and "trainees". In all fields other than "continuous updates", the average scores of the western regions were significantly lower than those of the eastern regions for both the basic and target standards. Specifically, the average scores for the basic standards on as many as 25 of the 38 items in the nine fields were significantly lower in the western regions. There were significant differences in the basic standards scores on 13 of the 38 items among trainees, instructors, and managers. Conclusions The residency training programs have achieved satisfactory outcomes in the hospitals affiliated with various medical schools in China. However, overall, the programs remain inadequate in certain areas. For the governments, organizations, and institutions responsible for PGME, such global standards for PGME are a very useful self-assessment tool and can help identify problems, promote reform, and ultimately standardize PGME.