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PurposeThe purpose if this paper is to investigate the determinants of corporate disclosure on human resources.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines the extent to which 105 Spanish listed companies present information about human resources in their annual report. It distinguishes information about human capital, which includes the items about human resources usually integrated in intellectual capital, and social and ethical aspects of information about employees. A content analysis of 105 companies' annual reports was conducted. Once the information was quantified, using a regression analysis the influence certain company characteristics have on this disclosure was examined.FindingsThe results confirm the impact of variables like size, type of industry and property concentration on human resource disclosure.Practical implicationsThe disclosure of the most competitive companies suggests that they are more concerned about employees' welfare than the rest. This may motivate a change of the disclosure policy of the rest of the firms who may follow the behavior of the most competitive ones.Originality/valueContent analysis has been carried out in some papers referring to human capital disclosure but with a descriptive character. In addition, considering different types of information about employees will permit the observation of the existence of any difference in the determinants depending on the users of this disclosure: shareholders or stakeholders (more concerned about social matters). Furthermore, using a variable to distinguish competitive companies from the rest has allowed us to see what human resources issues are relevant for competitive businesses.

The 1970s and 1980s were key years for the consolidation of environmentalism and environmental communication. In Spain, the special political situation during General Franco's military dictatorship conditioned the coverage of environmental issues, as did the transition to democracy. The Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain) was a particularly significant case in this context, since it was involved in one of the first environmental protests to protect a natural area covered by Spanish media. In this paper, we study opinion articles published in the Valencian newspapers Las Provincias and Levante, in order to analyze the evolution of the environmental discourse in Spanish society from the dictatorship to the first years of democracy. Hence, we analyze and compare opinion articles about this natural space in two specific periods: the campaign against the urbanization project for the forest of Devesa del Saler, in the Albufera, from 1973 to 1974; and the reaction of the Valencian press between 1986 and 1990, when Spain was already a democracy and after the area was declared a natural park. Our research uses framing theory to include both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Results show there is an evolution concerning the perception of environmental protection: while it was seen as a citizen vindication of the public space during the dictatorship, in democracy it entered the sphere of policy management.

México es un país donde ocurren distintos fenómenos naturales, como inundaciones, huracanes y terremotos, que pueden convertirse en desastres que requieren grandes sumas de dinero para mitigar su efecto económico en la población afectada. Generalmente, estas grandes sumas de dinero suelen ser aportadas por el gobierno federal y/o local. El objetivo del presente trabajo es el desarrollo de una metodología actuarial para el cálculo de bonos catastróficos para desastres naturales en México, de manera que, en caso de que el evento catastrófico ocurra durante la vigencia del bono, el gobierno cuente con fondos adicionales y, en caso de que no ocurra, los inversionistas que hayan comprado el bono obtengan tasas de interés superiores a la tasa libre de riesgo del mercado. Los bonos tienen la particularidad, a diferencia de bonos similares emitidos en otros países, que en caso de que ocurra el evento catastrófico el inversionista no pierde el total de su inversión sino sólo una parte o se le difiere su capital total o parte de éste a una fecha posterior a la de la finalización del contrato del bono catastrófico, esto con el fin de hacerlos más atractivos para el inversionista.

Este trabajo se inicia con un breve marco introductorio sobre la realidad geográfica, política y social de finales del siglo xix en Europa con el objeto de contextualizar el filme basado en la obra homónima de Ibsen, El enemigo del pueblo . Trata la historia de un médico de firmes principios que descubre una bacteria contaminante en las aguas del balneario de su pueblo, hecho que no solo pondrá en riesgo la salud de los vecinos y visitantes, sino que también originará un confrontamiento de intereses económicos y políticos. Esta trama fílmica, aún vigente, conlleva una serie de problemáticas éticas, culturales y sociopolíticas de aquel tiempo que resultan fácilmente trasladables a la realidad del mundo actual. Entendemos que, a partir del filme, se puede organizar una propuesta educativa que consistiría en un análisis educativo, un estudio ejemplificado de valores (verdad, responsabilidad, deontología profesional y justicia), actividades educativas como la lectura de la obra literaria y su representación teatral y la educación democrática como medio de formar a personas libres y autónomas. En las reflexiones finales se valora la propuesta educativa desarrollada, así como las alternativas de futuro que considerar en posteriores investigaciones. Finalizamos con las referencias bibliográficas acordes con el tema de estudio. ; This work begins with a brief introductory framework on the geographical, political and social reality of the late nineteenth century in Europe in order to contextualize the film based on Ibsen's homonymous work, The enemy of the people . It is the story of a doctor of solid principles who discovers a contaminating bacterium in the waters of his town's spa, a fact that will not only put the health of neighbors and visitors at risk but will also lead to a confrontation of economic and political interests. This film plot, still in force, involves a series of ethical, cultural and socio-political problems that are easily transferable to the reality of the current world. We understand that, after watching the film, an educational proposal can be organized that would consist of an educational analysis, an exemplified study of values (truth, responsibility, professional deontology and justice), educational activities such as the reading of the literary work and its theatrical representation and democratic education as a means of training free and autonomous people. In the final reflections, the educational proposal developed is evaluated, as well as the alternatives for the future to be considered in subsequent research. We finish with the bibliographic references according to the topic. ; Educación

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the presence of communication and knowledge flows influences the creation of a work context that supports innovation, and how this relationship is moderated by labor externalization.Design/methodology/approach– To study these relationships, the authors use a sample of 249 workers from five organizations. The different hypotheses proposed are contrasted using hierarchical regression analysis.Findings– The results obtained show the authors that, when communication flows exist, workers' orientation to innovation is greater; likewise, knowledge transfer influences workers' innovative attitude positively. However, the results are different when externalization of workers acts as a moderating variable.Practical implications– The firm's management should make decisions and foster the production of information flows between employees, as the results obtained indicate that communication and knowledge transfer encourage employee attitudes and behavior favorable to innovation.Originality/value– The main contribution of this study is to provide new empirical evidence on the influence of communication and knowledge flows on workers' orientation to innovation. The authors also analyze how these relationships are affected by the presence of externalization. The evidence obtained in this study permits to deduce what actions foster or inhibit organizations in creating a work context that supports innovation and thus encourages the generation of innovation.

El capital social se puede definir como la capacidad de personas o grupos de obtener beneficios por medio del uso de redes sociales (Robinson, Siles y Schmid, y Flores y Rello, 2003). En el presente artículo se utilizan los datos de la segunda ronda de entrevistas del Panel de Hogares de Escasos Recursos en la delegación Álvaro Obregón, México, Distrito Federal (PAO), para ajustar modelos de regresión con variables instrumentales con el objetivo de identificar variables asociadas al capital social en redes sociales que sean significativas para explicar el porcentaje del ingreso que los hogares de PAO suelen gastar en comida. Además, se presenta un análisis factorial para identificar las variables medidas en PAO que están relacionadas con las dimensiones de confianza, redes sociales y aceptación de normas sociales que constituyen el concepto de capital social.

In this work a one-pot synthesis of water soluble glutathione capped magnetite nanoparticles is reported. The magnetic characterization of the samples shows the expected superparamagnetic behavior, but a wide range of blocking temperatures is found, since the size and interparticle interactions are very sensitive to preparation conditions. These properties are correlated with the glutathione-iron ratio and oxidant dose, in order to optimize the aqueous colloidal stability and magnetic properties of the superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging applications. The efficiency of the glutathione coated nanoparticles as contrast agent is then evaluated by means of the determination of the relaxation times T1 and T2 in H-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance experiments. Moreover, the influence of the thickness of the glutathione capping layer on the colloidal stability and, thus, on relaxation times has been studied. Finally, the relaxitivity of the sample that shows the best performance has been determined. ; This research was supported by the Innovation and Science Ministry (PN/PETRI/PR/2007-019) and the Ministry of Economics and Competitiveness (PI16/00784) of the government of Spain.

Furrd~rmenro: Los sustitutos de la leche materna han sido comercializados con gran trascendencia económica, a veces sin tener en cuenta los aspectos sanitarios y nutricionales para el consumidor. Las autoridades sanitarias se han visto implicadas en este tema, tanto a nivel Internacional como Europeo, dictando normas o directrices a seguir en la comercialización de los sustitutos de la leche materna, que han sido adoptadas por la legislación Española. El objetivo del trabajo es comentar las normas que reglamentan los preparados alimenticios de lactantes y niños de corta edad. hf~IfJd0.S: Se analizan y comentan los contenidos de las normas. tanto internacionales, como europeas y nacionales, de preparados pnm lactantes y de continuación. Rrsuit~r&s: Las normas sobre preparados pam lactantes y de continuación prohiben el término de "leches matemizadas" e insisten en la locroncirr mrrtrrna que ~610 deberd ser sustituida por indicación de personal sanitario. Esta legislación regula, ademas, su composición química, cualitativa y cuantitativa; establece normas para el correcto etiquetado, que deberá contener una información adecuada sin idealizar el producto, pero sí se admiten gmficas o dibujos que ilustren una correcta preparación; contempla la distribución, venta y adecuada publicidad. que deber5 ser controlada, prohibiendo las muestras gratuitas o cualquier donación tanto a particulares como a centros sanitarios. Cnnclusionus: Con la situación actual sobre "preparados para lactantes y de continuación", las autoridades sanitarias intentan que el cumplimiento de las normas legislativas beneficien la adecuada alimentación del lactante y nifío de corta edad, siendo responsabilidad de todos la protección de este tipo de consumidor. ; Bockground: The comercialization of breast milk substitutes has had great economic transcendente, sometimes without considering the sanitary and nutritional consequences for the customer. The sanitary authorities have been implied in this matter both in the Intemational and European tields, issuing standards and regulations for the commercialization of breats milk substitutes which have been adopted by the Spanish Regulation. The aim of mis paper is comment the tegulations that affect foods for breas&feeding and short age children. Merliorls: This report analyzes and comments on the contets of intemational, european and national regulation on infant and follow-on formula. Rtwlts: The regulations about Infant formula and Followon formula. banning the term of "humanized milk" and remarking the preferente for breast feeding, which could only be substituted by sanitary professionals. This regulation deals with the appropiate chemical composition of these products, qualitative and quantitative. It includes standards for correct labeling, which should contain the approiate information without idealizing the product. Drawings and pictures showing the correct preparation are allowed. lt provides for distribution and sales. as well as for correct advertising, which should be under control. This regulation also bans free samples and any other donation to particular customers oí sanitary institutions. Conclusions: The present regulation on "lnfant and Follow- on formulas" pursues the adequate nutrition of breast-feeding and short age children, beinf the protection of chis kind of customers everyone's responsability.

Child vaccination reduces infant mortality rates. HIV-infected children present higher risk of diseases than non-infected. We report the protection coverage rates for 6 vaccine-preventable diseases in a paediatric population from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the impact of HIV infection, providing the first data on the validity of dried blood samples (DBS) to monitor the immune protection. During 2016–2018 DBS from 143 children/adolescents were collected in Kinshasa (DRC), being 52 HIV-infected. Forty-two had a paired plasma sample. Protective IgG was quantified (VirClia-IgG,VIRCELL) to obtain the optimal cut-off in IgG detection in DBS. ROC curves were generated with R software and statistical analyses with Stata. Protective IgG levels varied across pathogens, not reaching herd immunity. HIV-infected presented lower vaccine protection than uninfected for all analyzed pathogens, except rubella, with statistically significant differences for measles (30.8% vs. 53.8%; p = 0.008) and tetanus (3.8% vs. 22%; p = 0.0034). New cut-offs were calculated when using DBS to improve test performance. We reinforce the necessity to increase pediatric vaccination coverage in Kinshasa, especially in HIV seropositive, with less capacity to maintain adequate antibody levels. DBS were useful to monitor vaccination coverage in seroprevalence studies in resource-limited settings, after optimizing the cut-off value for each pathogen.

A series of functionalized nanographitic carbons is prepared, characterized and tested in fructose dehydration reaction to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The functionalization treatment was selected to introduce various Brönsted acid sites and to modify the textural and catalytic properties of the initial carbon material. Within the series, the sulfonated carbons present the most interesting catalytic behavior resulting in important selectivity to the desired product once the reaction variables were properly adjusted. ; Financial support for this work has been obtained from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) (Projects ENE2017-82451-C3-1-R and ENE2017-82451-C3-3-R) co-financed by FEDER funds from the European Union.

Leishmania infantum is the etiological agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. In endemic areas, canine infections are considered the main source of infection for human populations. Therefore, any control of human leishmaniasis must include the control of canine infections. Chemotherapy of leishmaniasis is inadequate and canine immunoprophylaxis has important limitations. Reports on the response of infected dogs are abundant but no clear picture of immune events has emerged. To shed some light on these shortcomings the specific IgG subclass response was followed in 20 Beagle dogs experimentally infected with L. infantum using monoclonal antibodies (MAb) specific for canine IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, along with ELISA and flow cytometry. Results showed that parasitic infection elicits a general response of all IgG subclasses, with a predominant IgG1 response and without any evidence of IgG1/IgG2 dichotomy. These findings suggest that the inconsistent results reported previously could be related to the lack of specific reagents and not to the actual differences in the immune response of infected animals. Differential IgG subclass reactivity in ELISA and cytometry and the analysis of the reacting antigens could facilitate the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease and provide a useful tool for adequate therapeutics and vaccine development against leishmaniasis. ; This project has received partial funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement n° 603240 (NMTrypI – New Medicines for Trypanosomatidic Infections). ; Sí

The effect of the magnesia loading on the surface structure and catalytic properties of NiSn/MgO-Al2O3 catalysts for hydrogen production by methanol steam reforming has been investigated. The catalysts have been obtained by impregnation of γ-Al2O3 by the incipient wetness method, with variation of the MgO content. X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area and H2-temperature programmed reduction (TPR) have been used to characterise the prepared catalysts. From this, it has been concluded that the incorporation of MgO results in the formation of MgAl 2O4 spinel, which modifies the acid-base properties of the catalysts. The formation of Ni-Sn alloys after the reductive pre-treatment has also been evidenced. The influence of the temperature of reaction and of the MgO loading on the hydrogen production by reforming of methanol has been established. Moreover, tests of catalytic stability have been carried out for more than 20 h. The carbonaceous deposits have been examined by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO). The analysis of the catalysts after reaction has confirmed the low level of carbon formation on these catalysts. In no case, carbon nanotubes have been detected on the solids. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ; A. Penkova and F. Romero-Sarria acknowledge the Spanish MEC for their contracts corresponding to the programs "Juan de la Cierva" and "Ramon y Cajal". L. Bobadilla thanks the "Junta de Andalucía" for his research fellowship associate with the project POG-TEP01965. The financial support by "Junta de Andalucía" (TEP106) and Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (ENE2009-14522-C05-01) co-financing by FEDER funds from European Union are gratefully acknowledged. ; Peer Reviewed