Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Table des Matieres -- Préface -- Introduction et Resumé -- 1. Les Politiques d'Intégration de la Tunisie et Leurs Impacts -- Politiques d'Intégration Mondiale de la Tunisie -- Une Performance Remarquable dans le Secteur Manufacturier -- Une Performance Services Très en Deca du Potentiel -- 2. Défis Actuels de l'Intégration et Options de Réforme -- Les Défis Actuels Majeurs -- Options de Réforme -- 3. Restrictions a l'Entree et Concurrence dans les Marches des Services -- Etat des Lieux Des Réforme s d'Ouverture des Secteurs de Services -- Analyse Sectorielle et Options de Réforme -- Impact Potentiel des Réforme s sur l'Economie -- 4. Services d'Exportation Emergents : Ou en est la tunisie ? -- Services d'Exportation Emergents, Croissance et Emploi -- Performance dans les Services d'Exportation Emergents ? -- Les Services d'Exportation Emergents de la Tunisie sont-ils Compétitifs ? -- Que Faut-il Faire pour Renforcer la Compétitivité ? -- APPENDICES -- A. Définition des facteurs d'innovation -- B. Mesurer les restrictions à l'entrée dans les secteurs de services -- C. Le modèle FTAP-GTAP avec investissement étranger direct -- D. Questionnaires sur les barrières a l'entrée et la compétition -- E. Tableaux de résultats -- Références -- Liste de Tableaux -- Tableau 1.1. Emploi dans le secteur offshore en 2006 -- Tableau 2.1. Règles d'Origine Appliquées par la Tunisie Dans ses Accords Préférentiels -- Tableau 2.2. Distribution sectorielles des entreprises décriant une concurrence déloyale -- Tableau 2.3. Coûts logistiques totaux en % des ventes -- Tableau 2.4. Benchmarking de la Tunisie sur des facteurs clefs d'innovation -- Tableau 3.1. Acteurs dans les secteurs fixe et mobile et structure de la participation -- Tableau 3.2. Structure compétitive par segment du marché des télécommunications.

Tunisia's past integration policies have significantly increased FDI flows in the manufacturing sector, triggering a rise of textiles and clothing and mechanical and electrical components exports through participation to EU production networks and increasing productivity, growth, and job creation. In spite of these results, important challenges remain. FDI increases are not accompanied by a rapid increase in domestic investment. The business climate of the domestic market-oriented sector can be further improved. Trade integration largely has bypassed non-tourism service sectors and the structural transformation of the service sector is slow.This study: (i) examines the key integration challenges that the country's manufacturing sector is facing; (ii) examine the key remaining reforms needed to further enhance the competitive position of the country; and (iii) identifies the specific policy reforms needed to realize the largely untapped potential in services. The report reviews the entry, business, and trade restrictions in Tunisia's backbone service sectors (telecommunication, banking, air transport, accounting, auditing, and legal services) using a well-focused regulatory questionnaire. The restrictiveness indices derived from the regulatory diagnostic analysis allow us to assess Tunisia's relative performance. Some key regulatory reform options are proposed and their impact estimated. The study examines the prospect for further increasing exports and off shoring of a large number of services for which Tunisia has demonstrated a real export capacity.

The purpose of this chapter is to benchmark Tunisia against other emerging economies in terms of the regulatory barriers affecting particular services sectors and to assess the economy-wide effects of further liberalizing these services trade restrictions, compared with reducing the dispersion in barriers to its merchandise trade. On the basis of a rather restricted sample of services sectors, partial regulatory reform would yield gains roughly equivalent to full unilateral reform of manufacturing tariffs, but roughly one-tenth the gains from full bilateral reform of border protection in agriculture with the European Union. The adjustment costs associated with these services trade reforms would be minimal. The chapter identifies the reasons why the gains from these services reforms are relatively small and argues that a wider set of reforms could provide win-win outcomes and even fewer adjustment costs. By contrast, the gains in agriculture and manufacturing tend to come at the expense of domestic output in the reforming sectors - the gains are greater, but so too are the adjustment costs.

The purpose of this chapter is to benchmark Tunisia against other emerging economies in terms of the regulatory barriers affecting particular services sectors and to assess the economy-wide effects of further liberalizing these services trade restrictions, compared with reducing the dispersion in barriers to its merchandise trade. On the basis of a rather restricted sample of services sectors, partial regulatory reform would yield gains roughly equivalent to full unilateral reform of manufacturing tariffs, but roughly one-tenth the gains from full bilateral reform of border protection in agriculture with the European Union. The adjustment costs associated with these services trade reforms would be minimal. The chapter identifies the reasons why the gains from these services reforms are relatively small and argues that a wider set of reforms could provide win-win outcomes and even fewer adjustment costs. By contrast, the gains in agriculture and manufacturing tend to come at the expense of domestic output in the reforming sectors - the gains are greater, but so too are the adjustment costs.

There is a growing consensus that what you export matters for growth (see for instance, Haussman and al. 2007 and Krishna and Maloney (2011)). This paper examines whether and to what extent Jordan and Tunisia, the two most globally integrated countries of the Middle East and North Africa region, are moving up the technological ladder. To that effect, we use two highly disaggregated panel export database (products captured at the 11-digit level) and a 'product-based' methodology that allows a mapping of products classified by technological content and their sector of origin. We find that Jordan and Tunisia have experienced contrasting dynamics over the last decade. Thanks to its large exports of pharmaceutical products, Jordan enjoys a much higher share of high tech products in its export basket (11.5 percent versus 5.4 percent respectively) but this share has been declining over time due to the rapid rise of exports of textiles products. In contrast, from a very low basis, Tunisia has been catching up thanks to a slow but steady rise in medium-high tech products (electronics and mechanical components) and a corresponding decline in the preeminence of exports of textile products. Interestingly, success stories identified in both countries are all associated with the establishment of an 'enclave' where transparent 'rules of the game' are credibly enforced with the help of an external policy anchor either through international agreements (e.g. Jordan's free trade agreement with the US and the signature of and compliance with WTO's Intellectual Property Rights) or the establishment of a 'special zone/regime' such as Tunisia's 'offshore' regime and Jordan's Qualifying Industrial Zone. This finding underscores the importance of overcoming institutional weaknesses and establishing transparent and rules-based Government-business relationships as a pre-requisite for successful global integration in developing countries countries.

This book collects some of the most relevant and policy oriented-papers that the MENA department of the World Bank produced as contributions to trade reform and exports diversification in some MENA countries. The selected articles were written during the critical 2005-08 years, a period featuring an accelerated pace of trade reform, increasing competition from China and India in European markets, and an increasing regional concern about exports diversification either in oil-producing countries, like Algeria, or in emerging services-oriented countries, like Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt. The book is structured in 4 blocks: regional trade policy, exports diversification, trade in services and China and India trade with MENA. Lessons from the book are particularly relevant for countries reforming trade policy in services or actively engaged in diversifying away from oil-concentrated economies.

In the empirical literature, large and abrupt declines in capital inflows, or sudden stops, typically hit asset markets and generate output losses in the receiving countries. The significant decrease in capital flows to emerging markets in 2018 is a unique opportunity to test this premise. Using Indonesian data, we found that the sharp decline in capital inflows for over two consecutive quarters in 2018 had an adverse impact on the currency, equities, and bond markets, but no discernible output loss was recorded. Real GDP growth remained resilient throughout 2018 and held broadly steady at around 5 percent in the first quarter of 2019. Furthermore, asset markets rebounded quickly, regaining most of the losses incurred by March 2019. We attribute this resilience to Indonesia's strong macroeconomic fundamentals and responsive fiscal and monetary policies. We argue that to sustain this resilience in the years to come, complementary structural reforms to boost export-oriented FDI would be needed. The 2020 COVID-19 global pandemic has put the emerging economies to the test again, with a possibly more significant impact. We will revisit our analysis in the future in the aftermath of the pandemic.