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JEL Classification: C14, C50, H83 ; This paper shows a methodological approach and applicative potential of a forecast model of public administration labor cost. The econometric model affords a tool for analysis and forecasting for the dynamics shaping the future evolution of compensation of employees in Public Administration, at a highly disaggregated level. Applied to the National Health Service (NHS), the model captures the change in shape of distribution and identifies the causes of wage dynamics arising from decentralized wage bargaining, personnel seniority, promotions and professional qualifications changes: a share effect, based on the personnel qualifications structure (weighed with a given average national wage); a shift effect, based on average wages dynamic (weighed with observation-specific personnel qualifications structure). Thanks to the use of simple relationships, the model is designed for maximum flexibility in use and it is an efficient tool for applications and analyses at the political-institutional level. Description of the results of applications reveals some of the model's analysis potentialities, making particular reference to the ability to control wage dynamics.

AbstractWe develop a Stackelberg differential game to analyze the economic effects of the reduction plan through two policy instruments, tradable permits and taxes on emissions. Emissions are a by‐product of firm output. The authority acts as a Stackelberg leader, able to set the optimal instrument's level in the light of a finite‐horizon environmental target. We show that the optimal solution of the game is dynamically consistent. Moreover, optimal environmental policies substantially impact the level and composition of economic activity. The differentiation between "clean" and "dirty" firms allows us to assess distributional effects and how environmental technology may influence the game's outcome. Results are shown to be robust under different parameterizations.