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This paper is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Stanovnistvo
(Population) journal, launched by the Center for demographic research in
Belgrade in 1963. The anniversary is an opportunity to reflect on
developments and trends in demography as a discipline, thus the paper points
out certain specifics of these developments. The specifics discussed mirror
the author's choice, which was guided primarily by the criterion of
interestingness, but also by the intention to make a survey. Hence points
about the development of demography are backed by insights made by a number
of other demographers. The major source of references were papers and
speeches given on similar occasions - anniversaries of journals,
anniversaries of associations of demographers, as well as special issues of
journals dedicated to theory and methodology. Certain points are also made
based on other sources of reference. The major part of the paper is related
to transformations of demography, which has started as a predominantly formal
discipline and has developed into a social and interdisciplinary field.
Topical and methodological expansion of demography induces mixed reactions
among demographers. Ones welcome its diversification, whereas others see such
changes as signs of abandoning the essence of demography. This makes it
harder and harder to define the area of demographic research. Changes in
demography are mostly studied from the standpoint of polarized dimensions:
quantitative-qualitative, macro-micro, and, in the context of
diversification, formal demography vs. population studies. Another important
segment of development trends in demography is that of improving its
vocabulary, which is affected by other fields related to demography.
Terminological changes are also related to the specification of certain
branches and subfields of demography. For instance, anthropological and
spatial demography have roots in earlier development phases of demography.
Still, these terms have become popular at a later stage, only when the
methodological and cognitive capacities of the corresponding research
approaches have increased. The paper also indicates that demographers do not
find new inspiration only outside of the core demographic problems. As an
example, man fertility is briefly discussed as an increasingly popular topic
in literature during the last decade. Finally, attractive presentation of
demographic content is found to be very important for visibility and
applicability of demography, which is illustrated by interpreting some of the
most frequently videos related to demography on YouTube. The paper concludes
that different paths that open during the development of demography are not
incompatible, that they represent demographers' diverse choices, and that
they all contribute to strengthening the field.

Pcinja county is an administrative region bordering Bulgaria, Macedonia and Kosovo, and is featured by a number of demographic peculiarities and extremes. In Central Serbia, this county is certainly the region with the most heterogeneous ethnic distribution; this fact determines differences in fertility transition and the speed of demographic ageing. Almost 90% ethnic Albanians from Serbia inhabit the Pcinja county, and so do 40% of ethnic Bulgarians. In addition, this county is featured by strong intra- and inter-regional demographic differentiations, both spatial and structural. Reduction of polarization of demographic development in Serbia at macro and intermediate levels (excluding the Kosovo territory), as well as minor differences between urban and rural environments, have made the county rather specific. Thus this relatively small province includes the one with the highest fertility rate and with the youngest population in the entire Republic of Serbia, five levels of demographic age in only seven administrative entities, the municipalities with the highest and the lowest international migration, a concentration of municipalities with the highest masculinity, municipalities with extremely high illiteracy rates, municipalities without atheists, and so on. Common features of this demographically heterogeneous province are underdevelopment and poverty. They do not manifest in the same way all over the territory; they are rather modified by various cultural factors. .

The importance of tourism in the context of economic and demographic recovery of certain regions has created an image of tourism as a development catalyst. Thus strategies of revitalization in depopulated and passive regions often consider tourism as an activity that can speed up the development and successfully valorize existing natural, cultural and demographic potentials. This "key" is used mainly in the absence of other development resources since tourism valorizes issues that other industries ignore (landscape features, ethnical heritage, authentic folk architecture, etc). In addition it is more difficult to recommend the right forms of tourism to be developed in depopulated regions, as well as to estimate the resulting economic and demographic effects. To this end, there are success stories, but there is also evidence of non-rational initiatives and projects that were never completed. This paper attempts to discover the most logical links between population development and tourism development, based on some important characteristics of population development. The characteristics used are overall population increase, population migrations, population structures and changes in households. They were selected because they best reflect not only direct, but also indirect multiplicative effects of tourism. Along with the theoretical and methodological background, the research is also supported by selected examples, interviews, and demographic analyzes. The effects are not universal. They depend on the region, the kind of tourism and the degree of its development, the demographic situation as it is, and the research approach, since global and local effects need not necessarily be unidirectional. Population increase initiated by tourism development is achieved due to the migration component, but the effects are most obvious at the level of tourist regions and their tourist centers. One can also note counter processes in some places that have tourist function. The level of tourism development and social attitudes to tourism development determine the sense of perspective that makes people to move. The most direct effects are reflected in the restructuring of active population w.r.t. the existing industries and the domination of tertiary activities. The activity of women is increased, as well as their responsibilities in households. The most diverse effects of tourism factors are sublimed in households. Such effects are not possible with small-scale tourism that is the most appropriate one in depopulated regions. The effects are best reflected in strengthening of economic and social functions of households and in the increase of local industries and crafts, which can lead to population decrease.

The paper analyzes the meaning of the phrase "the woman?s status in the society" that is recognized in demography as an important cultural factor of demographic development and transitional changes. The analysis indicates qualitative shifts in the woman?s status and simultaneously reveals its importance at present, not only in traditional, but also in modern and developed societies. On the other hand, it explains the importance of sex as a biodemographic determinant, and introduces the concept of gender that sheds another light on the concepts of sex and woman?s status in the society and integrates them. Gender regimes that subsume the inferiority of women in public and private social structures are examined from demographic perspective, albeit only in those phenomenological aspects that can be supported by demographic research, theories, and analyses. To this end, the paper analyzes the effects of strengthening gender equalities on the fertility and mortality transitions, the gender?s impact on the population distribution by sex in South Asian countries, and highlights the key role of gender in interpreting certain social and economic structures. It also stresses the establishing of gender equality as an important element of population policies. The global dimension of the patriarchal society is illustrated through a series of examples of demographic phenomena from various societies. Gender regimes underlie all of these phenomena. The paper puts foreword certain theoretical hypotheses about gender inequalities, and finds their connections with demographic behaviors and demographic indicators. Finally, it summarizes the role of demography in gender (in)equality research and the demographic perspective of the way and the speed the demographic equality is being established. Demography is seen as an irreplaceable discipline in examining gender inequalities, especially at the global level. With the advance of qualitative methods in demography and with its multidisciplinary nature, demography gets closer and closer to the field of "woman issues".

Important changes in the reproduction of Vojvodina population happened in the second half of XX century. In the end of the century, the society was ruined. A large inflow of refugees in that period, as well as a social and economic situation inappropriate for making birthgiving decisions, raised the questions like how such conditions have influenced the fertility in the population, and whether the trends have continued. This paper analyzes several fertility indicators in Vojvodina over the last five decades focusing especially on the 1990s and early 2000s, in order to explain the major tendencies and the intensity of changes. It shows changes in the number of live births, specific fertility rates, total fertility rates, cohort fertility, woman?s age at first birth, and divorce frequency.

Postponement of the first marriage is most often associated with postponement
of births and decline of fertility, and in research, almost as a rule, the
focus is put on female population. Postponement of marriage is characteristic
for both sexes, and the aim of this paper is to perceive this phenomenon from
the ?male angle?. The focus of the analysis is put on the male population of
two age groups, 35 to 49 and 40 to 49 years that never married. The
prevalence of the phenomenon of postponement of first marriage among the male
population is explored, the rural-urban model is determined and compared with
the characteristics of this phenomenon of the opposite sex. The 2011 Census
data at the level of NUTS2 regions was analysed. The results show that there
is a gender-different rural-urban model of marriage postponement. The shares
of unmarried women are higher in urban than in rural areas, while this
pattern is reversed in the male population.

While the last century was the century of world population growth, according
to demographers, the XXI century will be century of population aging.
Statistics undoubtedly show that number of elderly will continue it?s growth
in the future. If old age is seen as period of life with reduced physical and
mental capabilities and increased disability, and demographic aging as
increase of dependent population, trends are quite disturbing, at least in
certain societal segments. In developed countries, this population category
is no longer treated as passive or as a "burden of society" and efforts are
made for better social inclusion of older people. In contrast to growing
interest in this phenomenon, the concepts that define the aging of the
population remained stagnant. The aim of this paper is to introduce into
domestic literature the term "prospective age" as a dynamic category which is
more affected with socio-historical conditions, not only with biological as
traditional definition of aging suggested. Papers written by Sanderson and
Scherbov offer new methodological options for study of population aging,
because it takes into account the biometric rather than chronological
approach. Calculation of prospective years is a simple operation that
requires pair of the same number of remained life expectancy from life tables
for two different periods (the year of concern is index, and the one we are
comparing with is standard year), so that phrase "40s is the new 30s" or "70s
the new 60s" gets scientific foundation. Average remaining years of life
represent a realistic indicator suggesting increased capacity, activity and
vitality of individuals, which is due to accepted demographic parameters
still considered old. ?Prospective threshold? is defined as the age when life
expectancy falls below 15 years (it is subjective choice made by Sanderson
and Scherbov, which is also used in this paper) and during the elaboration of
these ideas three demographic indicators was constructed, redefined more
precisely, based on prospective age: (prospective) share of the elderly,
(prospective) median age and (prospective) old age dependency ratio. With
respect to the remaining years of life in the calculation of demographic
aging, world?s population will be in rejuvenation process by 2035, longer and
more intense than defined by proportion of the elderly. Prospective approach
found that longer life expectancy in developing countries is not only a
result of the decrease in infant and child mortality, but also the decrease
of the old population mortality. Data used in this paper are from period life
tables and censuses, for period 1953-2010. Prospective age threshold in
Serbia was always higher than retrospective age (60,17 in 1953 .and 63,15 in
2010. for total population) , or the proportion of people with a life
expectancy less than 15 years has consistently been higher than the share of
people older than 65 years (17.86% vs. 16.92% in 2010). According to
prospective criteria, differences between men and women almost do not
existent, so that it calls into question the widely accepted feminization of
the elderly. The same conclusion stands when we discuss (prospective) median
age, population is older using prospective (47,15 years) than traditional
(41.41) indicator in 2010, also, compared with rest of the region or with
more developed countries, prospective median age is higher in Serbia. Also,
prospective old-age dependency ratio is higher than conventional one during
analyzed period. Prospective concept and amendments are necessary in public
policy, especially pension and health care system, because in combination
with traditional approaches can create more justified distribution for older
and younger generations.

The paper identifies the features of fertility in the population of Belgrade
that can be regarded as a manifestation of the second demographic
transition. The analysis focuses on fertility decline, its age model, birth
postponing, extramarital births, and exclusion from reproduction. It
compares the municipalities constituting the inner city to those belonging
to the suburbs, and checks whether the fertility changes correspond to the
context of the second demographic transition.

Retirees, as a group of economically inactive population, are especially important for future population trends, since their number is constantly growing. Our pension and disability insurance fund has a problem managing unfavorable socioeconomic trends and demographic reality, considering that the number of employees is steadily declining. Employee to retiree ratio has been affected by serious changes during the last half a century, and it declined from 5:1 in 1960s to 1,4:1 nowadays. This is a result of population ageing (life expectancy rising and dropping of total fertility rate) and unrestrictive law that allowed pensions to those who didn't deserve it (the share of disability retirees is significantly higher than that in other countries). An additional issue is the fact that baby boom generations are a few years away from the legal age acquired for the age pension. The data used in this paper are provided by the pension and disability fund. .

The aim of this paper was to present the main features of spatial
redistribution of the population in the Belgrade region in the period from
1971 to 2011, by following the ratio between natural and migration components
of population change in residential areas. The analysis was conducted using
the modified Clarke?s model. According to the 2011 Census, the Belgrade
region is inhabited by 1,659,440 residents living in 157 settlements. As the
most developed part of Serbia, for a long time Belgrade has been the
destination of the majority of those who changed their place of permanent
residence within national boundaries. During the observed forty-year period,
the immigration significance of certain settlements in Belgrade region
changed in accordance with the socio-economic and demographic circumstances.
This paper explores how the type of the population dynamics of settlements
transformed, the most important changes and new problems that have arisen
concerning the settlement structure in the Belgrade region.

Population policy measures address all fertile women in Serbia, and the aim
is to mobilize the largest number of women to give birth. Although strong
response is desirable, not all women react, or at least not to the same
extent, to the population policy measures which are financially based in
Serbia. In this paper our intention was to identify which categories of
fertile women could give greatest demographic benefit in the near future
considering current population policy measures. We assumed that age and
socioeconomic characteristics are the most relevant for the different
response of women. Considering past structural changes of women population,
and population projection results, we tried to define which categories of
fertile women can give the greatest demographic benefit to the increase of
birth level until 2041.