Suchergebnisse

ÖZETTemsili demokrasiler arz, talep, ve kurumsal yapısındaki aksaklıklar nedeniyle etkin ekonomik sonuçlar üretmede başarısızlıklara uğrar. Bu başarısızlıklar, siyasal karar alma mekanizması devlet tarafından kontrol edildiği için birer devlet başarısızlığıdır.Günümüz toplumlarının çoğunda toplam ekonomik kaynakların önemli bir kısmı kamu kesimi tarafından kullanılmakta ve kontrol edilmektedir. Bu kullanım kamu kesimine zorunlu olarak aktarılan kaynaklar için son derece önemli bir sorun olarak karar alma sorununu ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Siyasal karar alma mekanizmasında alınan kararlar bireysel ve toplumsal refahı doğrudan etkilediği için, kararların etkin (efficient) ve uyumlu (consistent) olması gerekmektedir. Bu bir taraftan Marjinal Sosyal Maliyet ile Marjinal Sosyal Fayda'nın eşitliği; diğer taraftan da toplumun üretebilecekleri ile üretmek istediklerinin örtüşmesi demektir. Ancak temsili demokrasiler, başlıca seçmen, çıkar grupları, politikacı, bürokrat davranışları ve kurumsal yapı aksaklıkları nedeniyle bu örtüşmenin gerçeklenmesini engeller. Bu durumu destekleyen önemli yapılar ise, devletin özel malların üretimine doğru genişlemesi, kollektif faaliyet problemi, işlem maliyetleri, ve bilgi eksikliğidir.Temsili demokratik mekanizmalarda alınan ekonomik kararların etkinliği, başlıca, ekonomik faaliyetlere ilişkin fayda ve maliyet algılamaları ve özel mal/kamusal mal üretim yerlerinin ayrımı ile ilgilidir. Temsili demokrasilerin etkinsiz sonuçlara sebep olmasının nedeni arz, talep, ve kurumsal yapı kaynaklı aksaklıklar olduğu için çözüm önerileri de bu yapılardaki aksaklıkları hedef almalıdır. Bu bağlamda seçmen, çıkar grupları, politikacı, ve bürokrat davranışları ile kurumsal yapı üzerindeki iyileştirmeler son derece önemlidir. ABSTRACTRepresentative democracies can fail to achieve efficient outcomes because of the imperfections in the supply-side, demand-side, and institutional structure of the political decision-making mechanism. This failure, since the political decision making mechanism is controlled by the government, is a government failure.A substantial proportion of common resources is used and controlled by the public sector in today's many contemporary societies. This phenomena brings the decision-making issue as an important question for collective resources. Since they affect individual and social welfare, decisions resulted in the decision-making mechanism must be efficient and consistent. This, on the one hand, implies the equality of the Marginal Social Cost to Marginal Social Benefits; and implies the consistency between the capabilities and preferences of the society, on the other. However, the behaviors of voter, interest groups, politician, and bureaucrat; and the imperfections of institutional structure of representative democracies prevent to achieve this consistency. Other supporting structural elements for this assumption are the expansion of the government interventions to the area of private goods, the collective action problem, transaction costs, and informational problems.The efficiency of decisions held in the political decision making mechanism, mainly, depends upon the cost and benefit perceptions of economic activities, and the appropriation of the production types of private/collective goods.Since the failures of representative democrasies come from supply, demand, and institutions-side imperfections, solutions should be focusing on those imperfections. In this context, improvements on voter, interest groups, politician, bureaucrats, and institutional design have an outstanding importance.

Official data produced by the National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) have an essential place in the governmental economic and social decision-making process. Addressing official data with data mining methods rather than traditional statistical approaches is crucial to extract new information and hidden patterns. However, the usefulness of data mining methods for official statistics remains unexplored. In the present study, SILC (Survey of Income and Living Conditions) data for the year 2015 conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) are examined with data mining methods. Cross-sectional data of 36036 individuals were handled, and the variables affecting the individual income were determined, also the welfare status of the individuals was examined. To determine the socio-economic profiles of individuals, latent class analysis (LCA) and k-modes clustering analysis were used. The socio-economic status of individuals was classified using clustering and random forest (RF) algorithm models. In the LCA model with ten classes, it was obtained which probability of a newly selected individual would belong to which class. The latent class profile definitions of the individuals were obtained according to the variable values obtained from the latent classes with the highest probability. Ten clusters obtained as a result of k-modes were defined according to cluster modes, and cluster profile definitions of individuals were obtained, and also their results were compared with LCA results. In this study, in which categorical variables were considered, it was seen that LCA method provided more consistent results than k-modes method. In the RF model, where individual income is selected as a function of all nine input variables, the importance of the variables was determined. It is observed that education, occupation, and age variables were more important and made the most contribution to the RF model, respectively. In the SILC data, which is an extensive and detailed data, methods such as LCA and RF seem to be appropriate for the application of data mining and obtaining meaningful results from the data. Similar data mining processes can be used to obtain meaningful results for different official data.

AbstractMiscommunication between instructors and students is a significant obstacle to post-secondary learning. Students may skip office hours due to insecurities or scheduling conflicts, which can lead to missed opportunities for questions. To support self-paced learning and encourage creative thinking skills, academic institutions must redefine their approach to education by offering flexible educational pathways that recognize continuous learning. To this end, we developed an AI-augmented intelligent educational assistance framework based on a powerful language model (i.e., GPT-3) that automatically generates course-specific intelligent assistants regardless of discipline or academic level. The virtual intelligent teaching assistant (TA) system, which is at the core of our framework, serves as a voice-enabled helper capable of answering a wide range of course-specific questions, from curriculum to logistics and course policies. By providing students with easy access to this information, the virtual TA can help to improve engagement and reduce barriers to learning. At the same time, it can also help to reduce the logistical workload for instructors and TAs, freeing up their time to focus on other aspects of teaching and supporting students. Its GPT-3-based knowledge discovery component and the generalized system architecture are presented accompanied by a methodical evaluation of the system's accuracy and performance.

Grafting is used widely in cucurbits, mainly in watermelon transplant production. Seeds are sown in earlyspring in rootstocks to get seedling for grafting. Even though glasshouse is heated night temperatures maydrop down and extends the time of appearance of seedlings on the surface. So early emergers are likely toproduce well developed seedlings compared to late emergers. This is an impact on graftable seedlingnumbers. This work was carried out to test the effect of sowing germinated rootstock cucurbit seeds (fluiddrilling)on seedling emergence and seedling quality at low temperature. Six rootstock cultivars (Domingo,Zorba, Polifemo, Carnivor, Strongtosa and Gürdal) were germinated in laboratory conditions and 2-3 mmradicle protruded seeds were sown in a peat:moss:perlite mixture either with or without gel at 18 C.Subsequently germinated seeds were stored either at 5 C over five days and sown with or without gelmixture. Results indicated that sowing germinated seeds in all cultivars significantly increased emergencepercentages (p0.05). This was highest in pre-germinated and five-day stored seeds sown with gel at 96.6%and lowest in the control at 73.1%. Storing germinated seeds did not decrease the advantages of pregermination,and in fact germinated and stored seeds had slightly higher emergence percentages than unstoredones. Seedling quality, as shown by shoot fresh and dry weights and root fresh and dry weights of pregerminatedand sown seeds, were better than the controls in all cultivars. The thickness of the seedlings werealso significantly higher than those of the controls sown either with or without gel mixed or stored. Theresults showed that sowing germinated seeds of rootstocks can be used to enhance graftable seedling size. ; Karpuz yetiştiriciliğinde aşılanmış fide kullanımı hızla artmaktadır. Yavaş ve düzensiz çıkış aşılı fideüretiminin etkinliğini azaltır. Düşük sıcaklıklar bu düzensiz çıkışın en önemli nedenlerindendir. Aşılı fideüretimi için tohum ekiminin yapıldığı erken ilkbahar periyodunda sera ısıtma sistemi iyi çalışsa bile gecesıcaklıklarının düşük olabilmesi nedeniyle çıkış süresi uzamaktadır. Bu süre çeşitlere göre değişebilir vedolayısıyla da fide kalitesini belirler. Erken çıkan fideler daha kalın ve gelişmiş, geç çıkanlar ince ve zayıffideler oluşturur. Bu çalışma çimlenmiş kabakgil anacı tohumlarının düşük sıcaklıkta ekilmesinin fide çıkışıve kalitesine etkisini test etmek için yürütülmüştür. Altı kabakgil anaçlık tohumu (Domingo, Zorba, Polifemo,Carnivor, Strongtosa and Gürdal) laboratuvar koşullarında elde edilen 2-3 mm uzunluğundaki kökçükleriyletorf ve perlit karışımlı ortama jelli ya da jelsiz olarak ekilerek 18 C 'de çıkış testine tabi tutulmuştur. Çıkışyapan tohumların bir kısmı 5 C'de 5 gün % 100 oransal nemde depolandıktan sonra jelli veya jelsiz olarakekilmiştir. Ön çimlendirme yapılmış tohumların ekilmesi tüm çeşitlerde daha yüksek fide çıkış oranısağlamıştır. Çıkış oranı çimlendirildikten sonra 5 gün depolanıp jel ile ekilenlerde kontrolde ise olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Çimlendirilip depolanmış tohumlar çimlendirilip depolanmayanlardan daha yüksekçıkış göstermiştir. Yaş ve kuru fide ağırlığı, hipokotil kalınlığı çimlendirilerek ekilenlerde kontrolden dahayüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak düşük sıcaklıklarda kaliteli anaçlık fide üretiminde ön çimlendirmeyapmanın fide çıkış ve kalitesinin artırılmasında kullanılabileceği ortaya konulmuştur.