Suchergebnisse

Résumé Cet article propose une estimation de la migration internationale en direction des 6 principaux pays receveurs de l'OCDE de 1975 à 2000. L'analyse révèle une hausse importante des migrations internationales au cours de la période, accompagnée d'une évolution importante de la qualification des migrants. Parallèlement à ce phénomène, nous notons une hausse significative du niveau de qualification au niveau mondial. Une analyse par pays montre une forte stabilité du classement des pays les plus touchés par la fuite des cerveaux. Si l'évolution globale des migrations qualifiées s'avère limitée, les pays étant les plus touchés par le départ de leurs travailleurs les plus qualifiés en 1975 demeurent majoritairement les mêmes vingt-cinq ans plus tard.

This thesis develops and uses a new panel dataset with stocks and emigration rates to the 6 main OECD receiving countries, by skill level, from 172 sending countries, from 1975 to 2000. Thanks to this new dataset, we show that skilled migrations have increased during the 30 last years but this phenomenon happens in a context of general increase of mobility and global rise of educational levels. This dataset allows us to highlight that, contrary to the common knowledge about the traditional literature, important inequalities in the country of origin of migrants imply an increase in skilled migrations compare to unskilled migrations. Furthermore, the dataset allows us to show that a gain from emigration is possible in poorest countries of origin, under the condition that skill emigration rates are not too large. From this point of view, projection of brain drain rates at the 2050 horizon underlines that intensification in « selective » policy from the main European receiving countries can turn out to be highly harmful for sending countries. ; Cette thèse développe et utilise une nouvelle base de données en panel compilant les stocks et taux d'émigration vers les 6 principaux pays receveurs de l'OCDE, par niveau d'éducation pour 172 pays d'origine, entre 1975 et 2000. A l'aide de cette nouvelle base de données, nous montrons que les migrations qualifiées ont certes augmenté ces 30 dernières années mais que ce phénomène s'inscrit dans un contexte de hausse globale de la mobilité et d'augmentation générale des niveaux de qualification. Cette base nous permet également de constater que, contrairement à ce que souligne la littérature traditionnelle, d'importantes inégalités dans les pays d'origine des migrants engendrent une hausse de l'émigration qualifiée relativement à l'émigration non qualifiée. En outre, cette base nous permet de démontrer qu'un gain à l'émigration est possible dans les pays d'origine les plus pauvres, sous réserve que les taux d'émigration qualifiée ne soient pas trop élevés. De ce point de vue, les projections de taux de « fuite des cerveaux » à l'horizon 2050 nous montrent qu'une accentuation des politiques d'immigration « choisie » dans les principaux pays receveurs européens pourrait s'avérer extrêmement néfaste pour les pays de départ des migrants.

In this paper, we bring to light the link between immigration in France and the appeal to its welfare system: familial assistance, retirement, health, housing assistance, unemployment benefits and RMI (the French Minimum Guaranteed Income). Our results show that when we control for differences in characteristics between natives and immigrants, the over representation of mi grants among the beneficiaries of social protection is noticed only for unemployment benefits and for the RMI (in addition to an over representation also on housing assistance, in particular for the populations born in North Africa.

In this paper, we bring to light the link between immigration in France and the appeal to its welfare system: familial assistance, retirement, health, housing assistance, unemployment benefits and RMI (the French Minimum Guaranteed Income). Our results show that when we control for differences in characteristics between natives and immigrants, the over representation of mi grants among the beneficiaries of social protection is noticed only for unemployment benefits and for the RMI (in addition to an over representation also on housing assistance, in particular for the populations born in North Africa.

In this paper, we bring to light the link between immigration in France and the appeal to its welfare system: familial assistance, retirement, health, housing assistance, unemployment benefits and RMI (the French Minimum Guaranteed Income). Our results show that when we control for differences in characteristics between natives and immigrants, the over representation of mi grants among the beneficiaries of social protection is noticed only for unemployment benefits and for the RMI (in addition to an over representation also on housing assistance, in particular for the populations born in North Africa.

In this paper, we bring to light the link between immigration in France and the appeal to its welfare system: familial assistance, retirement, health, housing assistance, unemployment benefits and RMI (the French Minimum Guaranteed Income). Our results show that when we control for differences in characteristics between natives and immigrants, the over representation of mi grants among the beneficiaries of social protection is noticed only for unemployment benefits and for the RMI (in addition to an over representation also on housing assistance, in particular for the populations born in North Africa.