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Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Table of Contents -- Abbreviations -- INTRODUCTION -- I. THE CONCEPT OF LAW-MAKING -- 1. The need for continuous law-making -- 2. Some preliminary questions of terminology -- 3. Law-making and the "constitution" of the international community -- II. THE CONCEPT OF FORMAL SOURCES -- 1. The importance of the formal criteria of law -- 2. The notion of formal sources -- 3. Article 38(1) of the Statute of the I.C.J. as the basic norm about sources -- III. TREATIES -- 1. General observations. Terminology -- 2. The limits of formlessness in treaty-making -- 3. Treaties and third states -- A. General -- B. Objective regimes -- C. "Global treaties" -- 4. A legislation by reference? -- IV. CUSTOM -- 1. The concept of international custom -- A. General observations -- B. International custom as a law-making process -- C. Basic elements of custom -- 2. International practice -- A. Subjects of practice -- B. Types of acts -- C Requirements of practice -- 3. Opinio juris -- A. The concept of opinio juris -- B. Individual opinio juris -- C. Persistent objectors -- D. New states -- E. General opinio juris -- F. Ascertainment of opinio juris -- 4. Change in customary law -- 5. The need for further clarification of the criteria of custom -- V. INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN TREATY AND CUSTOM -- 1. The importance of treaty and custom -- 2. The interaction of treaty and custom -- A. General -- B. Treaty restatement of custom -- C. "Crystallization" of customary law -- D. The creation of custom on the basis of treaties -- 3. Changing treaty law by custom -- VI. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW RECOGNIZED BY CIVILIZED NATIONS -- 1. Traditional theories -- 2. Judicial and state practice -- 3. A new theory of "the general principles of law" -- VII. THE PROPOSED REFORMS IN THE FORMAL SOURCES.