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Introduction: Claudine Burton-Jeangros, Stéphane Cullati, Amanda Sacker and David Blane -- Trajectories and transitions in childhood and adolescent obesity: Laura Howe, Riz Firestone, Kate Tilling and Debbie Lawlor -- Oral health over the life course: Anja Heilmann, Georgios Tsakos and Richard Watt -- A life course perspective on body size and cardio-metabolic health: William Johnson, Diana Kuh and Rebecca Hardy -- Health trajectories in people with cystic fibrosis in the UK: exploring the effect of social deprivation: David Taylor-Robinson, Peter Diggle, Rosalind Smith and Margaret Whitehead -- Moving towards a better understanding of socioeconomic inequalities in preventive health care use: a life course perspective: Sarah Missine -- In Inter-Cohort Variation in the Consequences of U.S. Military Service on Men's Body Mass Index Trajectories in Mid- to Late-Life: Janet Wilmoth, Andrew London and Christine Himes -- Linear mixed-effects and latent curve models for longitudinal life course analyses: Paolo Ghisletta, Olivier Renaud, Nadège Jacot and Delphine Courvoisier -- The analysis of individual health trajectories across the life course: Latent class growth models versus mixed models: Trynke Hoekstra and Jos Twisk -- Age, period and cohort processes in longitudinal and life course analysis: a multilevel perspective: Andrew Bell and Kelvyn Jones

This book examines health trajectories and health transitions at different stages of the life course, including childhood, adulthood and later life. It provides findings that assess the role of biological and social transitions on health status over time.The essays examine a wide range of health issues, including the consequences of military service on body mass index, childhood obesity and cardiovascular health, socio-economic inequalities in preventive health care use, depression and anxiety during the child rearing period, health trajectories and transitions in people with cystic fibrosis, and oral health over the life course. The book addresses theoretical, empirical and methodological issues as well as examines different national contexts, which help to identify factors of vulnerability and potential resources that support resilience available for specific groups and/or populations. Health reflects the ability of individuals to adapt to their social environment. This book analyzes health as a dynamic experience. It examines how different aspects of individual health unfold over time as a result of aging but also in relation to changing socioeconomic conditions. It also offers readers potential insights into public policies that affect the health status of a population.

AbstractThis study investigates how a lack of social support differentially affects men and women's colorectal cancer (CRC) screening participation, considering different screening strategies implemented across European countries. Although health sociology has stressed gender differences in social support and its effects on health behaviours, this was overlooked by cancer screening research. Using a data set of 65,961 women and 55,602 men in 31 European countries, we analysed the effect of social support variables on CRC screening uptake. We found that living alone and lower perceived social support were associated with lower screening uptake for both men and women. These effects were, however, stronger among men. Population‐based screening programmes mitigated these effects, particularly for women, but not for men living alone. In countries with opportunistic screening programmes, social support variables remained associated with screening uptake. We conclude that cancer screening interventions should pay attention to social support and its gender‐differentiated effects.

BACKGROUND: While organized and opportunistic cervical cancer screening (CCS) programs implemented across the European Union have increased participation rates, barriers to socioeconomically deprived women remain substantial, implying high levels of inequality in CCS uptake. AIM: This study assesses how the screening strategy (as a score based on the availability of organized population-based CCS programs), accessibility of the healthcare system (as an index of out-of-pocket expenditure as a proportion of total healthcare costs, public health expenditure as a percentage of total GDP, and general practitioner (GP) density per 10′000 inhabitants) and social protection (as a decommodification index), impact education- and income-based inequalities in CCS uptake. METHODS: A two-level design with 25–64-year-old women (N = 96′883), eligible for Pap smear screening, nested in 28 European countries, was used to analyze data from the European Health Interview Survey's second wave, using multilevel logistic regression modelling. RESULTS: Clear educational and income gradients in CCS uptake were found, which were smaller in countries with organized CCS programs, higher accessibility of the healthcare system and a higher level of decommodification. Furthermore, three-way interaction terms revealed that these gradients were smaller when organized CCS programs were implemented in countries with better accessibility of the healthcare system or a high level of decommodification. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that the combination of organized screening and high accessibility of the healthcare system or social protection is essential for having lower levels of inequality in CCS uptake. In such countries, the structural threshold for poorer and lower educated women to engage in CCS is lower. This may be explained by them having a better interaction with their GP, who may convince them of the screening test, lower out-of-pocket payments, and financial support to buffer against a disadvantageous position on the labor market. ...

Dans un contexte d'amélioration de la performance des soins, les systèmes de santé ont développé des dispositifs de management centrés sur des indicateurs de qualité des soins et de sécurité des patientꞏeꞏs (IQS). Ces IQS constituent des outils de monitoring de la qualité des soins, d'évaluation des actions d'amélioration mises en oeuvre, et d'information des prestataires et des bénéficiaires des soins. Ils contribuent aussi au pilotage et à la régulation du système et des prestataires de soins. Le management basé sur ces IQS postule que la diffusion publique des indicateurs accroît la transparence et encourage l'amélioration de la qualité dans les établissements de santé. En Suisse, les IQS ont été mis en oeuvre dans les hôpitaux et les cliniques à partir de 2008. Leurs résultats, publiés annuellement par l'ANQ et l'OFSP, visent à « faire des comparaisons transparentes au niveau national. A partir de ces comparaisons, les hôpitaux et les cliniques peuvent développer des mesures ciblées pour améliorer leur qualité ». Ces indicateurs, dits « institutionnels », sont relayés au niveau local (départements, services, unités) par de nombreux indicateurs dits « cliniques » ou « locaux » destinés à l'évaluation interne et à soutenir des mesures d'amélioration des pratiques professionnelles. Ce passage de la politique publique à la pratique clinique ne va pas de soi. En témoigne le déplacement progressif de l'objet de la recherche sur la qualité des soins vers des problématiques d'organisation du travail. En effet, si les premiers travaux de recherche se sont concentrés sur la conception métrologique des indicateurs et l'interprétation de leurs résultats, les études récentes se sont intéressées à l'implémentation des indicateurs dans les établissements de santé. Elles ont ainsi montré l'importance des facteurs organisationnels transversaux tels que la diffusion de la culture, la mise à disposition de ressources techniques ou le leadership. Ces facteurs constituent une étape essentielle pour appréhender la dimension ...

Cognitive aging is characterized by large heterogeneity, which may be due to variations in childhood socioeconomic conditions (CSC). Although there is substantial evidence for an effect of CSC on levels of cognitive functioning at older age, results on associations with cognitive decline are mixed. We examined by means of an accelerated longitudinal design the association between CSC and cognitive trajectories from 50 to 96 years. Cognition included two functions generally found to decline with aging: delayed recall and verbal fluency. Data are from six waves of the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), conducted between 2004 and 2015 (n = 24,066 at baseline; 56% female, age 50+). We found a consistent CSC pattern in levels of cognitive functioning in later life. Older people with disadvantaged CSC had lower levels of cognitive functioning than those with more advantaged CSC. We also find that decline is almost 1.6 times faster in the most advantaged group compared with the most disadvantaged group. The faster decline for people with more advantaged CSC becomes less pronounced when we additionally control for adulthood socioeconomic conditions and current levels of physical activity, depressive symptoms, and partner status. Our findings are in line with the latency, pathway, and cumulative model and lend support to theories of cognitive reserve, stating that neuronal loss can no longer be repaired in people with more cognitive reserve once the underlying pathology is substantial and speed of decline is accelerated. ; We are grateful to the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) for financial assistance. This paper uses data from SHARE waves 1, 2, 3 (SHARELIFE), 4, 5, and 6 (DOIs 10.6103/SHARE.w1.600, 10.6103/ SHARE.w2.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w3.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w4.600, 10.6103/SHARE. w5.600, and 10.6103/SHARE.w6.600). The SHARE data collection was primarily funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3, RII-CT-2006-062193; COMPARE, CIT5-CT-2005-028857; and SHARELIFE, CIT4-CT-2006-028812), and FP7 (SHARE-PREP, 211909; SHARE-LEAP, 227822; and SHARE M4, 261982). Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Ageing (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, and HHSN271201300071C), and various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged (see www.share-project.org). This work was supported by the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research LIVES–Overcoming Vulnerability: Life Course Perspectives, which is financed by the SNSF (51NF40-160590). M.J.A. was supported by a grant from the Research Council of Norway (Grant 228664) and from Nordforsk (Grant 74637). B.W.V.d.L. is supported by the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant Agreement 676060. ; publishedVersion

Background: Welfare regimes in Europe modify individuals' socioeconomic trajectories over their life-course, and, ultimately, the link between socioeconomic circumstances (SECs) and health. This paper aimed to assess whether the associations between life-course SECs (early life, young adult-life, middle age and old age) and risk of poor self-rated health (SRH) trajectories in old age are modified by welfare regime (Scandinavian [SC], Bismarckian [BM], Southern European [SE], Eastern European [EE]). Methods: We used data from the longitudinal SHARE survey. Early-life SECs consisted of 4 indicators of living conditions at age 10. Young adult-life, middle-age, and old-age SECs indicators were education, main occupation and satisfaction with household income, respectively. The association of life-course SECs with poor SRH trajectories was analysed by confounder-adjusted multilevel logistic regression models stratified by welfare regime. We included 24,011 participants (3,626 in SC, 10,256 in BM, 6,891 in SE, 3,238 in EE) aged 50 to 96 years from 13 European countries. Results: The risk of poor SRH increased gradually with early-life SECs from most advantaged to most disadvantaged. The addition of adult-life SECs differentially attenuated the association of early-life SECs and SRH at older age across regimes: education attenuated the association only in SC and SE regimes and occupation only in SC and BM regimes; satisfaction with household income attenuated the association across regimes. Conclusions: Early-life SEC has a long-lasting effect on SRH in all welfare regimes. Adult-life SECs attenuated this influence differently across welfare regimes. ; This work was supported by the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "LIVES – Overcoming vulnerability: Life course perspectives", which is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation [grant no. 51NF40-160590]. The authors are grateful to the Swiss National Science Foundation for its financial assistance. BWAvdL is supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie (grant no. 676060). MPB is supported by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO). ; acceptedVersion

Objectives: This study aimed to assess whether cumulative disadvantage in childhood misfortune and adult-life socioeconomic conditions influence the risk of frailty in old age and whether welfare regimes influence these associations. Method: Data from 23,358 participants aged 50 years and older included in the longitudinal SHARE survey were used. Frailty was operationalized according to Fried's phenotype as presenting either weakness, shrinking, exhaustion, slowness, or low activity. Confounder-adjusted mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to analyze associations of childhood misfortune and life-course socioeconomic conditions with frailty. Results: Childhood misfortune and poor adult-life socioeconomic conditions increased the odds of (pre-)frailty at older age. With aging, differences narrowed between categories of adverse childhood experiences (driven by Scandinavian welfare regime) and adverse childhood health experiences (driven by Eastern European welfare regime), but increased between categories of occupational position (driven by Bismarckian welfare regime). Discussion: These findings suggest that childhood misfortune is linked to frailty in old age. Such a disadvantaged start in life does not seem to be compensated by a person's life-course socioeconomic trajectory, though certain types of welfare regimes affected this relationship. Apart from main occupational position, our findings do not support the cumulative dis/ advantage theory, but rather show narrowing differences. ; This work was supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant (agreement number 676060 [LONGPOP] to B. W. A. van der Linden); and the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research "LIVES – Overcoming vulnerability: Life course perspectives", which is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number: 51NF40-160590). B. Cheval is supported by an Ambizione grant (PZ00P1_180040) from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF). This article uses data from SHARE Waves 1, 2, 3 (SHARELIFE), 4, 5 and 6 (DOIs: 10.6103/SHARE.w1.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w2.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w3.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w4.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w5.600, 10.6103/SHARE.w6.600). The SHARE data collection was primarily funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), and FP7 (SHARE-PREP: N°211909, SHARE-LEAP: N°227822, SHARE M4: N°261982). The authors gratefully acknowledge additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C) and various national funding sources (www.share-project.org). Author Contributions ; publishedVersion

ObjectivesTo assess the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and self-reported adherence to preventive measures in Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods4,299 participants from a digital cohort were followed between September 2020 and November 2021. Baseline equivalised disposable income and education were used as SES proxies. Adherence was assessed over time. We investigated the association between SES and adherence using multivariable mixed logistic regression, stratifying by age (below/above 65 years) and two periods (before/after June 2021, to account for changes in vaccine coverage and epidemiological situation).ResultsAdherence was high across all SES strata before June 2021. After, participants with higher equivalised disposable income were less likely to adhere to preventive measures compared to participants in the first (low) quartile [second (Adj.OR, 95% CI) (0.56, 0.37–0.85), third (0.38, 0.23–0.64), fourth (0.60, 0.36–0.98)]. We observed similar results for education.ConclusionNo differences by SES were found during the period with high SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates and stringent measures. Following the broad availability of vaccines, lower incidence, and eased measures, differences by SES started to emerge. Our study highlights the need for contextual interpretation when assessing SES impact on adherence to preventive measures.