Suchergebnisse

Key steps in the research process / Crosby, DiClemente & Salazar -- Philosophy of science / Salazar, DiClemente & Crosby -- Ethical issues in health promotion research / John Santelli -- Choosing a research design / Salazar, Crosby & DiClemente -- Conducting observational research / Crosby, Salazar & DiClemente -- Designing randomized controlled trials in health promotion research / DiClemente, Salazar & Crosby -- Qualitative research strategies and methods for health promotion / Salazar, Crosby & DiClemente -- Program evaluation / Nancy Thompson, Michelle Kegler & David Holtgrave -- Measurement in health promotion / Richard R. Clayton -- Improving validity of self-reports for sensitive behaviors / Zimmerman, Atwood & Cupp -- Principles of sampling / Crosby, Salazar & DiClemente -- Analytic techniques for observational research / Crosby, DiClemente & Salazar -- Analytic techniques for experimental research / DiClemente, Salazar & Crosby -- Introduction to scientific writing / Crosby, DiClemente & Salazar -- Crafting a successful research proposal / DiClemente, Salazar & Crosby.

Shaping Public Health through Research and Practice -- Framing the Research Question -- Ethical Standards and Practice for Public Health Research -- Community-Based Participatory Research -- Qualitative Research Methods for Public Health -- Observational Research Designs -- Experimental Research Designs -- Quasi-Experimental Designs for Public Health -- Defining the Study Population -- Sampling Techniques -- Measurement -- Data Management and Cleaning -- Parametric Data Analysis -- Non-Parametric Data Analysis -- Disseminating Findings and Informing New Research.

Health-related disparities remain a persistent, serious problem across the nation's more than 60 million rural residents. Rural Populations and Health provides an overview of the critical issues surrounding rural health and offers a strong theoretical and evidence-based rationale for rectifying rural health disparities in the United States. This edited collection includes a comprehensive examination of myriad issues in rural health and rural health care services, as well as a road map for reducing disparities, building capacity and collaboration, and applying prevention research in rural are

A mathematical model of HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STI) transmission was used to examine how linearity or nonlinearity in the relationship between the number of unprotected sex acts (or the number of sex partners) and the risk of acquiring HIV or a highly infectious STI (such as gonorrhea or chlamydia) affects the utility of sexual behavior change measures as indicators of the effectiveness of HIV/STI risk-reduction interventions. Findings indicate that the risk of acquiring HIV through vaginal intercourse is essentially a linear function of the number of unprotected sex acts and is nearly independent of the number of sex partners. Consequently, the number of unprotected sex acts is an excellent marker for the risk of acquiring HIV through vaginal intercourse, whereas the number of sex partners is largely uninformative. In general, the number of unprotected sex acts is not an adequate marker for the risk of acquiring a highly infectious STI due to the highly nonlinear per act transmission dynamics of these STIs. The number of sex partners is a reasonable indicator of STI risk only under highly circumscribed conditions. A theoretical explanation for this pattern of results is provided. The contrasting extent to which HIV and highly infectious STIs deviate from the linearity assumption that underlies sexual behavior outcome measures has important implications for the use of these measures to assess the effectiveness of HIV/STI risk-reduction interventions.

Condom negotiation among young Black men who have sex with men in the Southern United States was explored using the theory of reasoned action. Fifty-four (18-to 29-year-old) males participated in nine focus group interviews. Discussions elicited condom use and negotiation attitudes, beliefs and social norms. Positive personal attitudes (respect of self, personal health concerns) and high negotiation self-efficacy was emphasized. Conversely, social norms revealed non-prioritized condom use behavior. Divergence between individual and community indicates theoretical models targeting sexual communication must address external factors (social, economic, political context), which intersects with individual intentions, attitudes to influence hiv prevalence in this community.