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A sweeping and highly readable work on the evolution of America's domestic and global drug war How can the United States chart a path forward in the war on drugs? In Drugs and Thugs, Russell Crandall uncovers the full history of this war that has lasted more than a century. As a scholar and a high-level national security advisor to both the George W. Bush and Obama administrations, he provides an essential view of the economic, political, and human impacts of U.S. drug policies. Backed by extensive research, lucid and unbiased analysis of policy, and his own personal experiences, Crandall takes readers from Afghanistan to Colombia, to Peru and Mexico, to Miami International Airport and the border crossing between El Paso and Juarez to trace the complex social networks that make up the drug trade and drug consumption. Through historically driven stories, Crandall reveals how the war on drugs has evolved to address mass incarceration, the opioid epidemic, the legalization and medical use of marijuana, and America's shifting foreign policy

A sweeping work on the evolution of America's domestic and global drug war.

Part I. El Salvador in the Cold War -- Farabundo Martí, la matanza, and a stolen election -- The United States in Latin America -- American military mission in El Salvador -- A divided nation: military traditions, democratic third way, and liberation theology -- Guerrillas are born -- Part II. Jimmy Carter -- Revolution and counterinsurgency in Guatemala -- Mass organizations -- Carter arrives -- Carter and the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua, 1979 -- An October coup -- Carter engages Salvador -- Archbishop Romero -- Land -- The American churchwomen -- Arming the rebels -- Guerrilla final offensive, January 1981 -- Death squads -- Part III. Ronald Reagan -- Reagan arrives -- Reagan and Salvador -- El Mozote -- Another Vietnam -- Solidarity -- Troop cap and certifying human rights -- Reagan gambles on elections, 1982 -- The Shultz Doctrine -- Human rights -- Henry Kissinger -- Contras -- "Elections yes, dialogue no," 1984 presidential election -- La Palma -- Esquipulas -- Counterinsurgency I -- Counterinsurgency II -- Zona Rosa -- Air war -- José Napoleón Duarte -- Iran-Contra -- Part IV. George H.W. Bush -- Elusive justice -- Pessimism -- Bush arrives -- Bush, Cristiani, and the 1989 vote -- Guerrilla second final offensive, November 1989 -- Jesuit killings -- SAMs -- United Nations and peace -- Demobilization -- Part V. Postwar -- Postwar Salvador -- Concluding thoughts

Cover -- Half-title page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Irregular Warfare 101 -- Part One. The American Revolution to Chasing Sandino, 1776-1930s -- 3 The American Revolution -- 4 Confederates and Indians -- 5 Intermezzo: The Boer War, 1899-1902 -- 6 America, Aguinaldo, and the Philippines, 1898 -- 7 Chasing Villa, 1916 -- 8 A Cold Winter in Siberia -- 9 The Banana Wars, 1898-1930s -- 10 Intermezzo: T. E. Lawrence and the Arab Revolt, 1916-1918 -- 11 Chasing Sandino, 1927-1932 -- Part Two. The Cold War, 1940s-1989 -- 12 Cold War Counterinsurgencies -- 13 Intermezzo: Mao Zedong -- 14 Fighting Communism in Greece -- 15 Intermezzo: France in Algeria, 1954-1962 -- 16 Intermezzo: David Galula -- 17 Intermezzo: Malaya Emergency, 1948-1960 -- 18 Ramón Magsaysay and the Hukbalahap Rebellion in the Philippines, 1946-1956 -- 19 Vietnam -- Part Three. Latin America and the Cold War, 1950s-1980s -- 20 From Guatemala, 1954, to Cuba and the Bay of Pigs, 1961 -- 21 Guatemala, Post-1963 -- 22 Cuba, Post-1963 -- 23 Intermezzo: Che Guevara and Guerrilla Warfare -- 24 Carter, Reagan, and the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua, 1979-1990 -- 25 El Salvador, 1979-1992 -- Part Four. Post-Cold War, 1990s-2000s -- 26 Dirty Wars after the Cold War -- 27 Colombia -- 28 Iraq -- 29 Intermezzo: The Counterinsurgency Field Manual and Postmodern Insurgencies -- 30 Post-9/11 COIN in the Philippines -- 31 Intermezzo: Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires -- 32 The Longest War: America in Afghanistan -- 33 The Fall of Muammar Qaddafi, 2011 -- 34 Intermezzo: JSOC Raids and Drone Strikes -- 35 Conclusion -- Epilogue: "I Feel More Like a Monster" -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.