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A practical handbook for practitioners that covers the assessment, treatment and management of sexual offenders with intellectual disabilities – an area of growing interest within clinical forensic psychology. New for the Wiley Series in Forensic Clinical Psychology: a practical handbook that covers the assessment, treatment and management of sexual offenders with intellectual disabilitiesSummarises the research literature on the characteristics and prevalence of sexual offenders with intellectual disabilitiesDiscusses risk assessment and innovations in treatment and managementIncludes contributors world-renowned in the field of assessment and treatment of sexual offenders with intellectual disabilities such as Tony Ward, Glynis Murphy, and Douglas Boer Leam A. Craigis a Consultant Forensic Psychologist and Partner at Forensic Psychology Practice Ltd. He has published numerous research chapters, articles and books on the assessment and treatment of sexual offenders. He is also an Honorary Senior Research Fellow, University of Birmingham.William R. Lindsayis Lead Clinician in Scotland for Castlebeck Care and Chair of Learning Disabilities and Forensic Psychology at the University of Abertay, Dundee. He has contributed to more than 200 academic publications. Kevin D. Browneis Professor of Forensic Psychology and Child Health at the Institute of Work, Health and Organisations at the University of Nottingham. He is also a consultant to UNICEF and Head of the World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre on Child Care and Protection in the UK.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to adapt a social climate measure for use within a forensic intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) service and examine perceptions of social climate and the links with patient aggression across three levels of security.Design/methodology/approachFour staff participated in a focus group to discuss how the Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) could be adapted for IDD patients. Subsequently, a pilot study with three patients highlighted some difficulties in administering the adapted measure. Alterations in the administration of the measure were implemented with a further ten patients residing across three levels of security. The EssenCES was adapted to include more visual prompts to assist in the patients' completion of the measure. The frequency of aggressive incidents in each of the three settings was also collated.FindingsStatistical analysis revealed a non-significant trend where positive social climate ratings increased as the security level decreased. There was a significant difference in the frequency of aggressive incidents across the three levels of security; however, there were no significant relationships found between the questionnaire ratings and the frequency of incidents.Research limitations/implicationsThe results lacked statistical power due to the low number of participants. Further studies with adapted social climate measures need to be conducted to assess the implications of social climate on individuals with IDD in secure forensic services.Originality/valueThe study adapted and piloted a social climate measure for individuals in a forensic IDD service.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to provide up‐to‐date discussion of the types of factors used to assess sexual offenders risk.Design/methodology/approachThe current status of the factors used to assess risk in sexual offenders is examined.FindingsRisk factors broadly fall into two categories: static factors (i.e. generally unchangeable information such as previous offence history) from which a number of actuarial scales have been developed; and dynamic factors (i.e. psychological dispositions) that are typically identified in treatment. It is suggested that these risk factors are artefacts of the same behavioural and psychological vulnerabilities at different stages of assessment, with static factors acting as markers for underlying dispositions, while dynamic factors are the underlying dispositions.Practical implicationsThe paper discusses in some detail the status of age as a risk factor, where even though it is typically considered a static risk factor in a number of actuarial scales (allowance typically being made if individuals are over/under 25), there is a dynamic element (i.e. change with age or the passage of time) to this aspect of assessment.Originality/valueThis paper may be useful to practitioners working in the field, in terms of providing a useful heuristic framework for risk conceptualisation.

About the editors -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Overview and structure of the book / Leam A. Craig, Louise Dixon and Theresa A. Gannon -- "What works" to reduce reoffending : 15 years on / James McGuire -- Creating ideological space : why public support for rehabilitation matters / Cheryl Lero Jonson, Francis Cullen and Jennifer L. Lux -- What works in offender assessment -- Applying the risk-need-responsivity principles to offender assessment / James Bonta & Stephen Wormith -- What works in assessing risk in sexual and violent offenders / Leam A. Craig, Anthony R. Beech and Franca Cortoni -- What works in offender rehabilitation -- Efficacy of correctional cognitive skills programmes / Clive R. Hollin, Emma J. Palmer and Ruth M. Hatcher -- What works in reducing violent reoffending in psychopathic offenders / Jenny Tew, Leigh Harkins, and Louise Dixon -- What works for personality disordered offenders? / Vincent Egan -- Interventions that work to stop intimate partner violence / Josilyn Banks, Sheetal Kini and Julia Babcock -- What works in reducing sexual reoffending / William L. Marshall, Liam E. Marshall, Geris A. Serran and Matt D. O'Brien -- Evidence-based interventions for serious and violent juvenile offenders / Charles M. Borduin, Alex R. Dopp, and Erin K. Taylor -- Reducing anger-related offending : what works / Raymond W. Novaco -- What works in reducing substance related offending / John Weekes, Flora Matheson, Michael Wheatley and Andrea Moser -- What works in reducing arson related offending / Kate Fritzon, Rebekah Doley and Fiona Clark -- What works with female sexual offenders / Franca Cortoni and Theresa A. Gannon -- What works for offenders with intellectual disabilities / William R. Lindsay and Amanda M. Michie -- The good lives model : does it work? preliminary evidence / Gwenda M. Willis and Tony Ward -- What works in secure settings -- Treatment of people with schizophrenia who behave violently towards others : a review of the empirical literature on treatment effectiveness / Nathan Kolla and Sheilagh Hodgins -- Treating offenders in a therapeutic community / Richard Shuker -- Best practice in svp treatment programs / David Thornton and Deirdre D?Orazio -- Cultural factors and individualised approaches to offender rehabilitation -- The role of cultural factors in treatment / Jo Thakker -- An australasian approach to offender rehabilitation / Andrew Day and Rachael M. Collie -- Criminogenic needs of sexual offenders on community supervision / R. Karl Hanson and Andrew J.R. Harris -- Multi agency approaches to effective risk management in the community in england and wales / Sarah Hilder and Hazel Kemshall -- Group or individual therapy in the treatment of sexual offenders / Geris A. Serran, William L. Marshall, Liam E. Marshall and Matt D. O'Brien -- Index.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the different clinical features of pathological demand avoidance (PDA) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) presented in the form of a single case study. The study highlights the potential of misdiagnosis and conceptual confusions to practitioners in forensic settings between the two conditions when working with offenders with personality disorders.


Design/methodology/approach
A case formulation using the "five Ps" method based on the personal history of an incarcerated male is presented and the clinical similarities and differences between PDA and ASPD are delineated. These differences and similarities are evaluated and applied to offender management including intervention options.


Findings
There are considerable similarities between ASPD and PDA making the two conditions difficult to separate. Both diagnostic criteria identify childhood behavioural problems, aggression, destructiveness, conduct disorder (CD), manipulation and non-compliance as indications of the disorder. For example, the criteria for later adult ASPD are the presence of childhood antisocial behaviour and CD. However, these behaviours may also be suggestive of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and non-compliance that are part of PDA. Violent behaviours and aggression can also be perceived in a similar way. Misdiagnosis of PDA as ASPD reduces the efficiency of treatment programmes.


Originality/value
The implications of these findings could prove useful in the successful risk management of offenders with PDA. Given the similar behavioural characteristics between PDA and ASPD, the prevalence of PDA among offenders may be higher than observed. The aim of this study is to raise awareness of potential conceptual complications and clinical confusions between the two conditions with a view to aid offender management through case formulation. A large scale study into offenders with PDA would draw attention to the prevalence of the condition as well as its association with offending behaviour.

Introduction and overview / Leam A. Craig, William R. Lindsay and Dorothy M. Griffiths -- The ethics of evidence-based practice / Dorothy M. Griffiths -- Protecting the rights of people with intellectual disabilities in correctional settings / Frank Lambrick, Astrid Birgden, Chelsea Troutman & Danielle McLeod -- Behavioural and cognitive phenotypes in genetic disorders associated with offending / Lauren J. Rice, Stewart L. Einfeld & Patricia Howlin -- Diagnosis of personality disorder in offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities / Nigel Beail -- Assessment for anger and violence / Paul Willner, Andrew Jahoda & Ken McMahon -- Assessment for inappropriate sexual behaviour / Lesley R. Steptoe & Amanda M. Michie -- Assessment for social problem-solving, social information processing and criminal thinking / Peter E. Langdon -- Assessment of alcohol use disorder and alcohol-related offending behaviour / Joanne E.L. VanDerNagel, Neomi van Duijvenbode & Robert Didden -- Assessing people with intellectual disabilities who have engaged in fire setting / Samuel J. Tromans, Verity Chester & Regi T. Alexander -- Assessment for emotional difficulties related to offending / Deborah Richards, Tyler Oswald & J. Paul Fedoroff -- Using a multi-component model in the assessment of persons with intellectual disabilities and problems in sexual behaviour / Robin J. Wilson, Stephanie Ioannou & Kendra Thomas -- Supporting people with intellectual and developmental disabilities leaving prison / Kathy Ellem, Michelle Denton & Danielle Davidson -- Prison based programmes for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities / Philip Snoyman, Berindah Aicken & Jayson Ware -- Treatment of anger and violence in individuals with intellectual disability / Robert Didden, Henk Nijman, Monique Delforterie & Marije Keulen-De Vos -- Treatment for inappropriate sexual behaviour for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities / Leam A. Craig -- Treatment for social problem solving and criminal thinking / Susan Hayes -- Treating substance misuses among offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities / Daniel Newton & Jane McGillivary -- Treatment for emotional difficulties related to offending for people with IDD / Paul Oxnam & Emma Gardner -- Treatment outcomes for people with autistic spectrum disorder in forensic settings / Peter Sturmey -- Pharmacological approaches for offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities / Daniel Turner & Peer Briken -- Future directions and requirements for offenders with intellectual and developmental disabilities / Dorothy M. Griffiths & Leam A. Craig.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Editors -- About the Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Part I Introduction -- Chapter 1 An Overview of Violent Behaviour from Aggression to Homicide: Theory, Research, and Practice -- Introduction and Overview -- Definitions of Violence and Aggression -- The Magnitude and Scope of Violence in Modern Society as Illustrated by Homicide -- Theories of Aggression and Violence -- Assessment and Prediction of Violent Behaviour -- A Collective Response: Three Tiers of Violence Crime Prevention -- Future Directions: Global and Local -- References -- Chapter 2 What Do We Know About Violent Offending Behaviour? -- Overview -- Rates of Occurrence -- Explanations and Theory Related to Violent Behaviour -- Types of Violence -- Associated Contributors - Person‐Based -- Associated Contributors - Contextual Factors -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 What Works with Violent Offenders: A Response to 'Nothing Works' -- Introduction -- Reducing Aggression and Violence -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II What Works in Violence Risk Assessment -- Chapter 4 From Predicting Dangerousness to Assessing and Managing Risk for Violence: A Journey Across Four Generations -- Introduction -- Foundation Issues -- Approaches to Assessing Risk for Violence -- Violence Risk Schemes -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Violence Risk Formation: The Move Towards Collaboratively Produced, Strengths-Based Safety Planning -- Introduction -- The Relationship Between Formulations and Actuarial Measures of Risk -- Top Down and Bottom Up Approaches to Looking at the Data -- Making Logical Inferences Based on the Nomothetic Literature About the Individual Case -- The Turn Towards Strengths-Based Practice -- Formulation as Causal Modelling Linking Evidence to Practice -- Sequential Analysis.

Assessing Risk in Sex Offenders: A Practitioner's Guide is a handy resource for forensic practitioners responsible for assessing an managing sexual offenders at risk of recidivism. It covers the risk factors associated with sexual recidivism, evaluates risk assessment approaches and offers guidance on how to conduct forensic evaluations. Written by an expert author team, Assessing risk in Sex Offenders: A Practitioner's Guide examines: The characteristics of sexual offenders; Methodological considerations in measuring predictive accuracy; Static and dynamic factors; Structured risk assessments

Theories of Sexual Offenders. Theories That Explain Sexual Aggression Against Women / Jonathan James, Jean Proulx -- Theories That Explain the Sexual Abuse of Children / Beth Dangerfield, Gaye Ildeniz, Caoilte ©ØO Ciardha -- A Developmental Life-Course View of Sexual Offending / Patrick Lussier, Evan McCuish -- What Works to Prevent Sexual Violence from a Global Health Perspective / Greta Massetti, Laura Chiang, Beverly Fortson -- Assessment of Sexual Offenders. Risk Assessment in Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses / Martin Rettenberger, Leam A Craig -- The Psychometric Assessment of Sexual Aggressors / Helen Wakeling -- Indirect and Physiological Approaches to Assessing Deviant Sexual Interests / Kevin L Nunes, Chloe I Pedneault -- Assessing Sadism in Sexual Offenders / Tamsin Higgs, Alex Lord, Ewa B Stefanska, Derek Perkins -- Neurobiological Considerations on the Etiological Approach to Sexual Offender Assessment / Leam A Craig, Martin Rettenberger, Anthony R Beech -- Management of Sexual Offenders. The Utility of Treatment for Sexual Offenders / Liam E Marshall -- Contemporary Programs Designed for the Tertiary Prevention of Recidivism by People Convicted of a Sexual Offense / Laura Ramsay, Adam J Carter, Jamie S Walton -- Ensuring Responsive Treatment Options for Male Adults Who Have Sexually Offended / Robin J Wilson, Yolanda Fernandez, David S Prescott -- Pharmacological Treatment of Sexual Offenders / Rajan Darjee, Alex Quinn -- Community Dynamic Risk Management of Persons Who Have Sexually Offended / Robin J Wilson, Jeffrey C Sandler, Kieran McCartan -- Special Populations. Evidence-Based Assessment and Treatment Approaches for Adolescents Who Have Engaged in Sexually Abusive Behavior / Alex R Dopp, Cameron M Perrine, Kathryn E Parisi, Morgan A Hill, Michael F Caldwell -- Female Sexual Offenders / Franca Cortoni, Georgi Stefanov -- Sexual Murderers / Jean Proulx, Jonathan James, Tamsin Higgs -- Online Sexual Offenders / Sarah Paquette, Francis Fortin, Derek Perkins -- An Evidence-Based Model of Treatment for People with Cognitive Disability Who Have Committed Sexually Abusive Behavior / Matthew C Frize, Jessica Griffith, Robert Durham, Catherine Ranson -- The Role of Major Mental Illness in Problematic Sexual Behavior / Heather M Moulden, Jeffrey Abracen, Jan Looman, Drew A Kingston -- Noncontact Sexual Offenses / Jennifer DeFeo -- Sadistic Sexual Aggressors / Nicholas Longpr©Øe, Jean-Pierre Guay, Raymond A Knight -- Policy and Prevention. Community-Based Approaches to Sex Offender Management / Wayne A Logan -- Problem Sexual Behavior / Rebecca Fix, Maggie Ingram, Elizabeth J Letourneau -- International Approaches to the Management of Perpetrators of Sexual Harm Policy / Kieran McCartan, Katherine Gotch -- Integrating Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Strategies into Youth-Serving Organizations / Keith Kaufman, Miranda Sitney, Judith Zatkin, Erin McConnell, Alyssa Glace -- Youth-Focused Child Sexual Abuse-Perpetration Prevention Strategies / Ryan T Shields, Daniel B Rothman, Elizabeth J Letourneau -- Sexual Violence Prevention with Young Adult Males / Christopher T Allen, Christine A Gidycz

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to consider the impact of mental capacity legislation when applied to parents with learning difficulties who lack capacity within childcare and family law proceedings in England and Wales.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper relies on a range of material including reports published by independent mental health foundations, official inquiries and other public bodies. It also refers to academic and practitioner material in journals and government guidance.


Findings
The paper critically reviews the application of the guidance when assessing mental capacity legislation as applied in England and Wales and offers by way of illustration several case examples where psychological assessments, and the enhancement of capacity, have assisted parents who were involved in childcare and family law proceedings.


Research limitations/implications
There has been little published research or governmental reports on the number of cases when parents involved in childcare and family law proceedings have been found to lack capacity. No published prevalence data are available on the times when enhancing capacity has resulted in a change of outcome in childcare and family law proceedings.


Practical implications
The duty is on the mental health practitioners assessing mental capacity that they do so in a structured and supportive role adhering to good practice guidance and follow the guiding principles of mental capacity legislation assuming that the individual has capacity unless it is established that they lack capacity. Guidance and training is needed to ensure that the interpretation of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) and its application is applied consistently.


Social implications
For those who are considered to lack mental capacity to make specific decisions, particularly within childcare and family law proceedings, safeguards are in place to better support such individuals and enhance their capacity in order that they can participate more fully in proceedings.


Originality/value
While the MCA legislation has now been enacted for over ten years, there is very little analysis of the implications of capacity assessments on parents involved in childcare and family law proceedings. This paper presents an overview and, in places, a critical analysis of the new safeguarding duties of mental health practitioners when assessing for, and enhancing capacity in parents.