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Discussion on legitimacy has highlighted its dialogic nature. The diversity of stakeholders in the penal system implies that penal policies and practices should be justifiable both internally (to offenders) and externally (to society at large). While most studies have focused on the internal aspect of penal legitimacy – the justification of authority through offenders' perspectives – this paper calls for attention to the external stakeholders' demands. Consequently, it becomes relevant to envisage ways of balancing between the conflicting standpoints of offenders and society at large regarding the justifications of penal power. For this purpose, this paper builds on Sen's justice framework, whereby the best way to enhance justice is to avoid debating utopian ideals, and aims to apply its logic to the debate on penal legitimacy. It argues that it is not feasible to envisage a 'legitimate prison', and therefore it is better to focus on existing or possible alternatives of penal policies and practices. Since there are better and worse uses and justifications of penal power, legitimacy becomes a matter of degree. The reconciliation of conflicting views between preferable or less preferable uses and justifications of penal authority is suggested to be possible through exploring the potential of public debate.

Nos limites deste artigo, analisamos uma provável particularidade da etiqueta interacional dos Kaxinawá (povo da família etnolinguística Pano, que habita 12 Terras Indígenas no Acre) em interações transculturais, ou seja, aquelas envolvendo a participação de não-indígenas. Dessa maneira, nosso objeto de estudo consiste em construções que denominamos de fórmulas de fechamento, bastante similares a estruturas formulaicas recorrentes em narrativas em Kaxinawá e (ao que nossas observações vêm indicando) sem paralelo no Português (L1) do Alto Juruá. Descrevemos a sua configuração estrutural, assim como a sua função no desenvolvimento da interação. Contendo os operadores "isso" e/ou "assim", essas fórmulas de fechamento funcionam, no Português Kaxinawá, como sinalizadoras do encerramento de tópicos (ou subtópicos) discursivos e de turnos de fala.

If delta and estuary areas are observed under the perspective of a double system of dynamic infrastructures, the object of parallel "water/urbanisation" processes, the interface spaces become key nodes. In this perspective, port and waterfront areas can be described as spaces of mediation. The article argues that in the case of Lisbon and the Tagus, as possibly in several other port cities, these edge spaces can be described as "fluid territories." The pre-eminent characteristic of "fluid territories" is that they are not permanent, neither in space nor time. These areas present accelerated transformations, less defined boundaries, and an increased spatial and management complexity. Moreover, "fluid territories" also mediate (a) the culture-natural environment, with human action appropriating the natural system through infrastructure and urbanisation, and (b) the industrialised economic estuary, with its continuous updating. To demonstrate this hypothesis, two samples of Lisbon's riverfront are observed, recording its constant variability over the last 200 years of industrialisation, emphasising the "fluidity" of the mediating spaces. The understanding of the "fluid" characteristic of water/land mediation spaces is relevant for the present. Being dynamic and regularly reinventing spaces, spatial planning, public space, and architectural design processes in "fluid territories" should increasingly seek adaptability, flexibility, and openness to change. In the climatic context of continuous uncertainty combined with the need to make room for infrastructure, rethinking mediation areas through the lens of the theoretical concept of the "fluid territory" enables the implementation of urban transformation processes consistent with contemporary challenges.

Over the last decade, soft planning has become an increasingly visible concept in planning literature. Since the term soft spaces was firstly coined, soft planning has been used to describe a growing number of practices that occur at the margins of statutory planning systems. However, as soft planning-related literature proliferates, so does the diversity of approaches and planning practices it encompasses. Such diversity fuels long-standing questions about what can or cannot be considered as soft planning as well as about its usefulness for today's planning theory and practice. To shed light on this still unclear conceptual outline, this article divides the soft planning debate into five contextual components (ethos; governance; politics; policies; spaces; and scale) while paying particular attention to the relationship between soft planning and strategic spatial planning. The aim is to foreground soft planning as a concept, and add clarity and awareness on the challenges, the risks and opportunities, planning currently faces.

Over the last decade, soft planning has become an increasingly visible concept in planning literature. Since the term soft spaces was firstly coined, soft planning has been used to describe a growing number of practices that occur at the margins of statutory planning systems. However, as soft planning-related literature proliferates, so does the diversity of approaches and planning practices it encompasses. Such diversity fuels long-standing questions about what can or cannot be considered as soft planning as well as about its usefulness for today's planning theory and practice. To shed light on this still unclear conceptual outline, this article divides the soft planning debate into five contextual components (ethos; governance; politics; policies; spaces; and scale) while paying particular attention to the relationship between soft planning and strategic spatial planning. The aim is to foreground soft planning as a concept, and add clarity and awareness on the challenges, the risks and opportunities, planning currently faces. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The impact of sea-level rise on coastal towns is expected to be a major challenge, with millions of people exposed. The climate-induced risk assessment of coastal areas subject to flooding plays an essential role in planning effective measures for adaptation plans. However, in European legislation, as well as in the regional plans adopted by the member states, there is no clear reference to urban settlement, as this concept is variable and difficult to categorise from the policy perspective. This lack of knowledge makes it complicated to implement efficient adaptation plans. This research examines the presence of the issue in Portugal's coastal settlements, the European coastal area most vulnerable to rising sea levels, using the case of seashore streets as the most exposed waterfront public urban areas. Using the morphometric classification of the urban fabric, we analyse the relationship between urban typology and legislative macro-areas aimed at providing integrated adaptation plans. The study suggests that there is only a minimal relationship between the proposed classification and the geographical zones currently identified in coastal planning policies. Such incongruence suggests the need for change, as the policy should be able to provide a response plan tailored to the specificities of urban areas.

O artigo versa sobre o conflito ambiental em torno das águas minerais em Caxambu, Minas Gerais. Discute-se a contingência dos diferentes significados culturais, políticos, sociais e econômicos das águas e como isso provocaria disputas entre população, setores públicos e empresas privadas. O artigo resultou de pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo em Caxambu, referentes a observação participante em fóruns, audiências e manifestações públicas. Compreendeu-se que alterações na interpretação do Código das Águas Minerais, orientadas pelo Código da Mineração, permitiram a classificação de praticamente todo tipo de água subterrânea potável como água mineral, contribuindo para potencializar o conflito. A maior visibilidade ao conflito, logo, se deu a partir do processo de privatização da exploração econômica das águas minerais. Finalmente, identificaram-se as vertentes das águas referentes aos seus diferentes significados territoriais, quais sejam: água como saúde e direito e água como recurso econômico.

The relationships Malaga has established with its port have changed over the centuries, conjuring up a variety of scenarios and circumstances. The past and present are closely linked phenomena in this case study where the porosity of the port‐city fabric has marked the city's development and constitutes a key issue in the current and future challenges it faces. Malaga provides a particularly interesting example of a post‐industrial city that has reopened its port to its inhabitants' acclaim while maintaining port activity. However, the growth tourism has seen in recent years has come to dominate the local economy. Cruise ships have taken on a significant role and have brought about important changes in the dynamics and flows between the port and the city, unsettling the balance between the two. This profile explores port‐city development through the lens of boundaries and flows, demonstrating how their dynamics have determined Malaga's spatial, functional, and social development over time and how they continue to do so to this day. This article reviews the transformations the city has undergone and its future opportunities to achieve a balanced and sustainable port‐city relationship.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- [Re]Urban practice, towards aEuropean research agenda for urbanism: Nature as reference, human as critical, process as fundamental -- Urbanism research (ongoing) in Latin America: Some keywords -- Portugal -- L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui special issues on Latin America, 1945-1975. Alook at its contents and the context of its production -- Types of land occupation in the urban periphery. Ibagué, Colombia, 1935 -- Fast urbanization and the commodities global market- The example of Parauapebas - Brazil -- Urban context's role in the emergence and development of social innovation -- Urban space and mobility: Adjustment towards more sustainable urbanism -- Public space and sustainability: Researching urban streets as citizen coexistence spaces -- Public space and social innovation- The project "Reinventar aRoda" -- City sense. Legibility from sensorial experiences in three squares of Barcelona -- ARQUITETURA magazine | IAB Brasil _1961 to 1968 -- Santa Fe-Paraná metropolitan area: Metropolis ofsecond order. Mobility of people dwelling - work and their strategies -- Threats and evictions: Dispossession and displacement in the center of São Paulo, Brazil -- Mobility, urban design and public space in intermediate cities -- Formation, dynamics and urban configuration of the metropolis of Recife -- Program for integral urbanization of favelas: Colinas D'Oeste- Osasco city- São Paulo State -- The urban palimpsest in three renewed neighborhoods of Santiago, Chile -- Brazil -- Social housing, real estate and environmental protection in Pará, Brazil -- Project strategies for territory development in degraded coastlines. The case of Caleta Tumbes, Talcahuano, Chile.