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In the early days of the Internet, significant researchers on sociological aspects relating to the Internet thought that online and off life worlds were somewhat disconnected as if they were parallel universes. Cyberculture emphasized a more contingent, flexible and fluid experience of selfhood. Those approaches produced a strong influence in early postmodern Internet studies (Hayward, 1991; Stone, 1996; Mosco, 2004; Talbot, 1995). Reading those earlier papers, it seems that the Internet has opened the way for the full realization of political utopias that conceived cyberspace as having an inherently democratic structure (Barlow, 1996). The web of our days is far from being the same of earlier stages. Dominated not just by Google, Twitter, YouTube, and Wikipedia, it has recently been shaped by WikiLeaks and the so-called Facebook and Twitter revolutions in North Africa and the Middle East. Over the years, perspectives on identities and social interactions have very much changed. Today, Internet studies follow a path based on the empirical research of the effective social interactions performed in the digital environment. Most of these perspectives derive its theoretical framework from important currents of social thought such as phenomenological sociology and symbolic interactionism. The purpose of this paper is to discuss complex literature on the issue of the autonomy of the self with relevance to understanding the meaning of political activism and mobilization. ; Nos primeiros tempos da Internet, investigadores proeminentes dos aspectos sociológicos relacionados com a Internet pensaram que os mundos da vida on-line e off eram desligados entre si, como se fossem paralelos. A cibercultura enfatizou uma experiência mais contingente, flexível e fluida de individualidade. Tais abordagens produziram uma forte influência nos primeiros estudos pós-modernos sobre Internet (Hayward, 1991; Stone, 1996; Mosco, 2004; Talbot, 1995). Lendo essas primeiras contribuições parece que a Internet abriu o caminho para a plena realização das utopias políticas que conceberam o ciberespaço como tendo uma estrutura inerentemente democrática (Barlow, 1996). A Internet dos nossos dias está longe de ser a mesma de fases anteriores. Dominada pelo Google, Twitter, YouTube e Wikipedia, foi, adicionalmente, sendo moldada pela WikiLeaks e pelas chamadas revoluções do Facebook e Twitter no norte da África e no Médio Oriente. Ao longo dos anos, perspectivas sobre as identidades e interações sociais têm mudado muito. Hoje, os estudos do Internet seguem um caminho baseado na investigação empírica das interações sociais eficazes executadas no ambiente digital. A maioria dessas perspectivas deriva o seu quadro teórico de importantes correntes do pensamento social, tais como a sociologia fenomenológica e o interacionismo simbólico. O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a complexa literatura sobre a questão da autonomia individual com relevância para a compreensão do significado do ativismo e mobilização política. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This paper aims to show that the problem of personal identity is a fundamental question of the classical Indian thought. Usually we tend to think that personal identity is a Western philosophical subject, and so we tend to forget the significance of the Self (Atman) in Hinduism and even in Buddhism. The author shows how the Indian thought approached the question of personal identity and which was the singular solution outlined in the work consensually attributed to Gotama, the Buddha.

After the optimism which followed the falling of the Berlin Wall, one has found out that the alternative to the Cold War wasn't the Global Peace. Regional conflicts have grown stronger, becoming more intense than ever. At several levels, some taken-for-granted evidence were shaken by new social, cultural, political and technological phenomena. Risk, contingence, and entropy became major categories of contemporary theoretical approaches. The post-modern society appears now to contemporary thought as a new world shaped by social and cultural fragmentation, and the eruption of new identities. The emergence of a novel public sphere concerned, mainly, with emergent social and political rights of minorities; and the constant flow of people, either immigrants or refugees crossing cultural and geographic spaces, brought to light new and old identities, leading those ancient and secure borders to collapse. Some confluent phenomena such as environmental problems, contemporary hazards associated with nuclear power, chemical pollution, terrorism, changes on cultural attitudes, the "women's lib" and their subsequent arrival to labour market, the crisis of the old traditional mediation apparatus (Church, Family, Tradition), the decadence of ideologies, emerge as main features of a society where everything that was solid melted on air (Adam, Beck, e van Loom 2000: pp 6-7). Increasing reflexivity in face of answers once taken-for-granted challenged by those enormous changes, and anxiety in face of a changing world makes that concern with security and risk become a major problem of our societies. Insecurity is thus an existential context: we don't know anymore how to go on the basis of tradition. The implicit validity claims of taken-for-granted values and traditions become problematic and potentially questioned (Adam, Beck e van Loom, 2000:37)- Throughout this text, one appeals to a theoretical approach where we can find elements from the phenomenology of Lebenswelt, from the theory of multiple realities, from the theory of social representations and also from the analysis of the didactic and safety functions of journalism. With this approach, we achieve the conceptual framework adequate to perception and analysis of the media representation of a complex society, confronted with the insecurity of its taken-for-granted structures and with new enclaves of meaning. The appearance of new provinces of meaning is related with the emergence of a pluralistic public sphere and with the eruption of some expressions of identity and life-styles concerned with the so called post-modern changes ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Public Sphere Reconsidered: theories and practices is a book that compiles two-day conference, which took place on 19 and 20 May 2011 at University of Beira Interior in Covilhã, Portugal, where the concept of public sphere was analyzed and debated by international recognized experts and researchers from around the world. From the most exciting texts about the idea of public sphere to the relations between journalism, ICTs, rhetoric and public sphere, this book presents texts with a cross-disciplinary approach and a comparative methodology regarding different related issues and new tools of communication. Public Sphere Reconsidered: theories and practices will be useful to students in media and communication studies, and European studies, as well as for those studying sociology and political science. ; o Projeto Agenda dos Cidadãos - Jornalismo e Participação Cívica nos Media Portugueses e com os apoios da FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, Projeto Comunicação e Deliberação / FCT - CAPES, SOPCOM - Sociedade Portuguesa de Ciências da Comunicação, ECREA - Communication and Democracy Section, Universidade da Beira Inteiror / Faculdade de Artes e Letras e LabCom - Online Communication Lab. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Democracy and political practices are suffering a major shift. Political participation and deliberation take place in the context of strategically manipulated information. Opportunities to mobilize data, in order to reinforce manifestations of panic or alarm, are becoming more evident. Concepts such as "information", "agenda-setting " and "participation" are being challenged today by an almost belligerent mobilization of media resources. Recent developments on the recognition of women's rights and promotion of new affirmative policies intended to improve gender equality coincides with an ever-increasing controversy around the concept of "political correctness". At the same time, while affirmations concerning human dignity appears to be progressively incorporated in political discourse, phenomena such as xenophobia, misogyny, racism, cultural, racial and ethnic confrontation, and, at the limit, the proliferation of genocides, rise to a previously unimaginable proportion and extent. Emphasis was placed on empirical and theoretical works involving relatively recent political debates, such as the creation of the "left majority" (or "geringonça") in Portugal; the Brexit; the Brazilian process; the American elections; the debates on the political correctness, the emergence of illiberal democracies and the political impact of migratory fluxes. Index Part 2 - Leadership, transgression, manipulation and new political campaigns - 9 Deliberative framings and the constitution of "Geringonça": from media frames to readers' comments. The case of "Observador" - 11 João Carlos Correia & Ricardo Morais Political communication and electoral strategy in Donald Trump´s Campaign - 37 José Antonio Abreu Colombri The Performance of Power and Citizenship: David Cameron meets the people in the 2016 Brexit campaign - 61 Peter Lunt Hungarian media policy 2010 – 2018: the illiberal shift - 81 Monika Metykova The agri is tech, the agri is pop, the agri is politics: the "rural world" and the rise of the agripolitician in Brazil - 97 Pedro Pinto Oliveira Part 3 - Identities and life politics in a hyper-mediated society - 113 Dystopian fiction as a means of impacting reality and initiating civic commitment among fans: "The Handmaid's Tale" series case - 115 Marine Malet Australia's immigration policy and the scapegoating of Lebanese migrants - 127 Mehal Krayem & Judith Betts The construction of feminine, technofeminism and technological paradox - 145 Êmili Adami Rossetti & Renata Loureiro Frade Educational Superavit: Human rights versus Education Policies - 159 Ana S. Moura, João Seixas, M. Natália D. S. Cordeiro & João Barreiros Aylan Kurdi as the awakening image of the refugee crisis:the framework of the Iberian press - 173 Rafael Mangana ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

João Carlos Correia, Anabela Gradim e Ricardo Morais (Eds.) (2020) Pathologies and dysfunctions of democracy in the media context - 1st volume. ; In the last decade, from a communicative point of view, a lot of novelties and changes shaped the traditional public sphere, Donald Trump's election in the United States of America, the Brexits, the rising of the several xenophobic and ultra-nationalist threats emerging in different geographical and political contexts, the populism phenomena, as well as the te debate on Cyber surveillance, counter-information, and the so-called "fake news" has drawn attention to some dystopian portrays conceived in the 20th Century which is now being considered an appropriate depiction of democracy and political communication's new pathologies. The book joins together researchers from Communication Sciences and related areas (Political Science, Political Theory, Political Philosophy, Political Sociology, Arts, and others), with particular emphasis on those interested in political communication around a unifying common axis: the pathologies and dysfunctions of democracy, in media contexts, in different aspects of their involvement with the media such as the media representation of these pathologies and dysfunctions; the impact of the media in the functioning of democratic institutions; the interference of political agents in journalistic information; the relationship between media and political institutions in the processes of public opinion building. Particularly, on this volume one addresses to the topic of surveillance. Within digital social networks and infotainment, invisibility, the right to be forgotten, and the reserve of a private life acquire an almost subversive nature in an age defined by hiper-communication. Simultaneously, the media staging of power mobilizes protagonists to a reality in which rationality and public responsibility are confronted with multiple risks of scandal arising from a permanent state of collective scrutiny. "Scandalogy" is a concept already used to project the study of image crisis' phenomena, increasingly emerging due to the opportunities of political exposure. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A partir das reflexões de Gramsci, Habermas, Taylor e outros teóricos vinculados às teorias dialógicas de democracia, bem como de Schumpeter, Parsons e Luhmann, identificados com as teorias elitistas, o trabalho discute a atuação política da mídia e dos intelectuais nas esferas públicas. Este embate expõe a distinção entre a instrumentalização da mídia e da esfera pública para preservação da estrutura de poder e as possibilidades de transfor- mações sociais, especialmente com o contributo das novas tecnologias de comunicação. ; A partir de las reflexiones de Gramsci, Habermas, Taylor y otros teóricos vinculados a las teorías díalogicas sobre la democracia; así como de Schumpeter, Parsons y Luhmann, iden- tificados con las teorías elitistas, el trabajo discute la actuación política de los medios y de los intelectuales en las esferas públicas. Esta aproximación expone la distinción entre la instrumentalización de los medios y de la esfera pública para el mantenimiento de la estructura de poder y las posibilidades de transformaciones sociales, especialmente, con la contribución de las redes sociales. ; Starting from Gramsci, Habermas and Taylor and other theoreticians linked to the dia- logical theories of democracy , and by its confront with elitists theories represented by Schumpeter, Parsons and Luhmann, the work discusses the political role of media and intellectuals in public spheres. This confrontation highlights the distinction between instrumental use of media and public sphere and its use to achieve social change, throu- gh the contribution of new technologies. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

This article shows results from the project "Citizens' agenda: journalism and civic participation in Portuguese media", involving research on a sample of regional newspapers geographically distributed throughout the country. Through content analysis of sources, topics and framing, we sketch the general picture painted by the regional press. Drawing on inquiries to journalists and directors we also aim to understand which professional practices and values are prominent in regional press, paying special attention to questions linking journalism to democratic systems. Results indicate that recent trends of professionalization and commercialization prompted Portuguese local press towards the liberal model, which means growing autonomy from the state and politics, but also includes disengagement from civic pursuits of "general interest".

Este trabalho procede a uma discussão teórica sobre articulações entre a Comunicação, as novas tecnologias e novos media e os direitos humanos, invocando a dimensão central da primeira na constituição das identidades e na construção social da realidade. Na perspectiva adotada, a comunicação como um processo relacional de criação e partilha de significados; o lugar dos novos media como dispositivos tecnológicos que podem ser enquadrados em redes sociais mais vastas ou, ao invés, considerados como meramente instrumentais e, ainda, a afirmação dos direitos humanos enquanto resultado de um reconhecimento intersubjetivo são três dimensões a considerar como corolário de um processo político-discursivo que emerge no interior de esferas públicas plurais e que mantém estreita vinculação conceitual entre si. Nesse sentido, critica-se a dimensão hegemônica na reflexão sobre a internet e as redes sociais que frequentemente reconfigurou estas como centradas num cidadão inovador e criativo liberto de constrangimentos sociais, omitindo as ambivalências inerentes aos processos comunicativos.

La incorporación del teléfono móvil en la vida diaria del ser humano no sólo altera las dimensiones de tiempo y espacio, sino que también modifica su percepción y manera de relacionarse con el ecosistema. Metodología. A partir del concepto de intimidad tecnológica, que describe los niveles de interacción entre el hombre y la tecnología, empleado por Boyce y Hancock, se analiza el estado de arte y se propone una metodología que permita explorar cuestiones, cada vez más acuciantes, principalmente respecto a la delimitación de las esferas pública y privada así como de la interacción en el espacio común. Resultados y conclusiones. Siguiendo, en particular, las teorías de Castells, Heidegger, Meyrowitz y Habermas, se articulan un conjunto de categorías que permiten profundizar en los conceptos de espacialización, voluntariedad y perfil, identificados en esta primera etapa del proyecto como elementos clave para el análisis del ser humano como portal de comunicación.