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Unlike Mazagão, which represents the long-lasting Portuguese new settlement in North Africa (1514-1769), the Portuguese urban experience mainly opted for the occupation of existing Muslim cities in the region. In fact, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, five coastal cities were seized and undertook an occupational praxis that implied a surface downsizing by new curtain walls, called atalho, and a revision of the street layout. In a territory where fortified perimeters often acted as borders, the former Islamic matrix implied not only a re-dimensioning of the urban space, but also a will of erasing the previously built footprint. Military architecture and urban morphology were to become coherent with the European culture, at a time when urban concepts and practices were being renewed through the hygienist and rationalist spirit inherent to the winds of early modernity. Historical cartography and recent fieldwork allow retrospective keys to the reading of these ...

[Excerpt] Portugal held overseas possessions in Africa, South America and Asia from the beginning of the fifteenth century till very recently. This empire was the result of conquests of cities that belonged to other kingdoms, such as in the Maghreb or India, the establishment of commercial outposts in key points of the maritime routes along the Atlantic and Indian oceans coasts, or the creation of colonies in newfound lands, such as some Atlantic archipelagos or Brazil. The Moroccan project was a fundamental part of this overseas expansion.1 Amidst several motivations, the Crusader spirit was certainly one of the most important drives for the Portuguese to assault Northern Africa from the early 1400s to 1500s. The Portuguese presence in the region lasted from 1415, when King João i (1385–1433) started what would become a series of conquests, to 1769. This last date represents the epilogue of a political, military, and commercial investment in the Maghreb, when the evacuation of the last stronghold was decided in Lisbon. For more than three and a half centuries, the Portuguese main expression of its territorial expansion consisted in isolated enclaves along the Strait of Gibraltar and Atlantic coasts, which corresponds today to a long seashore stretch in the Kingdom of Morocco, with exception of the Spanish city of Ceuta. This territory was never understood as a full colony by the Crown, with autonomous jurisdiction. It was rather based on the conquest and occupation of pre-existing Arab and Muslim cities, resulting in a network of isolated possessions directly ruled by the king through local captains and governors. [.] ; (undefined) ...

Colonial history in Atlantic Northern Africa, which corresponds today to the Kingdom of Morocco, has introduced decisive urban factors. Ceuta, Tangier and El Jadida present three different case studies of how the urban morphology has been conducted by the political changes. This paper wishes to analyze the urban strata of these cities in order to point out traces of continuity and rupture between Muslim and Christian rule. Ceuta, once an important Muslim commercial city during medieval times, suffered a process of downsizing when the Portuguese conquered it in 1415, due to sustainability issues. The course of the city was confined to those limits for more than two centuries, when the Spanish took over in 1640. After resisting Muley Ismail long siege, Ceuta began to expand beyond its walls, in a process that reoccupied the ancient Islamic domains. Tangier offers a typical case of interruption of the Muslim rule over the city. Held by the Portuguese between 1471 and 1661, it suffered a radical reduction of its perimeter and a redirection towards the port. This fortified shape was maintained by the brief British occupation and present day medina retrains itself to that boundary, although recent population boom has pushed the urban assemblage way beyond. Finally, El Jadida allows us to go back to a non-Muslim origin. Its name - the new - reflects the political situation since the 19th Muslim occupation over a Portuguese foundation of the mid 500s, subverting the orthogonality of the original grid layout within a modern bastioned contour. Three different urban processes where the Muslim stratum, either present, interrupted or suspended, has been the longest. This paper relies on both historical cartography and new drawn proposition to present this parallel ...

In 1415 Portugal initiated its Overseas Expansion. The conquest of Ceuta began a settling process that comprised several towns in Northern Africa which would last until 1769. Late 15th century brought three suzerainties in the southern stretch of Moroccan coastline to the Portuguese crown in exchange for the establishment of a factory in those Muslim towns. Soon, the increasing commercial advantages lead to the conquest of Azamor (Azemmour) and Safim (Safi) by Manuel I. These early 16th century conquests undertook an occupational praxis over pre-existent Islamic fabrics and implied a re-evaluation of the mercantile structures. New buildings were erected to respond to this developing market of exchanges between Portugal, the Northern African reigns and the Sahara caravans. First of all, it is important to determine graphically the exact localisation of the custom house, the exchequer or the mint, either through coeval iconography engraved by Braun or local letters to the crown. However, for Safim, it is possible to extend the study. New evidence based on a recently discovered sketch suggests a complete display of all three structures around a patio in a two store construction close to the main street and the Sea Gate. This paper attempts the reconstitution of the building, relying on both written and visual data, thus throwing some light on the architectural aspect of these central spaces of the Portuguese Expansion in North Africa. Moreover, it helps to stand out the beginning of the 16th century as the most important period of urban and military activity. Since all the physical traces of the mercantile headquarters have been erased from former Portuguese possessions waterfronts in this territory, the rescue of Safim custom house complex allows us to picture a possible model applied since ...

In 1415 Portugal initiated its Overseas Expansion. The conquest of Ceuta began a settling process that comprised several towns in Northern Africa which would last until 1769. Late 15th century brought three suzerainties in the southern stretch of Moroccan coastline to the Portuguese crown in exchange for the establishment of a factory in those Muslim towns. Soon, the increasing commercial advantages lead to the conquest of Azamor (Azemmour) and Safim (Safi) by Manuel I. These early 16th century conquests undertook an occupational praxis over pre-existent Islamic fabrics and implied a re-evaluation of the mercantile structures. New buildings were erected to respond to this developing market of exchanges between Portugal, the Northern African reigns and the Sahara caravans. First of all, it is important to determine graphically the exact localisation of the custom house, the exchequer or the mint, either through coeval iconography engraved by Braun or local letters to the crown. However, for Safim, it is possible to extend the study. New evidence based on a recently discovered sketch suggests a complete display of all three structures around a patio in a two store construction close to the main street and the Sea Gate. This paper attempts the reconstitution of the building, relying on both written and visual data, thus throwing some light on the architectural aspect of these central spaces of the Portuguese Expansion in North Africa. Moreover, it helps to stand out the beginning of the 16th century as the most important period of urban and military activity. Since all the physical traces of the mercantile headquarters have been erased from former Portuguese possessions waterfronts in this territory, the rescue of Safim custom house complex allows us to picture a possible model applied since ...

[EN] Nablus old center stands as a typical Arab city with a relevant geographical location. Successive historical periods distinguish its history - from Canaanite to Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Crusader or Ottoman - till nowadays. This cultural diversity has layered chronological strata on its urban fabric. Therefore, diverse historical characteristics reflected in the city's urban morphology have undergone continued physical and functional transformations, not only gradually by time and various socio-cultural, economic or political factors, but also radically by earthquakes and war destructions. Present-day Nablus' physical image echoes a palimpsest of urban/social identities and an asset for a very sensitive collective memory. This paper examines the formation, evolution and constitution of the old city of Nablus by a retrospective analysis that searches the morphological momentum for each phase in articulation with a reflection around its historical meaning for the city. Methodologically, this study is conducted on both urban and architectural levels, surveying street hierarchy and plot distribution. This understanding will be extremely important for an accurate perception of this tissue in order to advocate for a concerned idea of the city's reconstruction, following recent urban annihilations. At a time when urban rehabilitation pushes plans for quick and immediate results, reading Nablus' urban morphology can work as the lacking tool for an instructed and operative regeneration. ; Taher, M.; Correia, J. (2018). Reading Nablus' urban print: towards an understanding of its morphology. En 24th ISUF International Conference. Book of Papers. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 435-442. https://doi.org/10.4995/ISUF2017.2017.6123 ; OCS ; 435 ; 442

Traditional Islamic cities have generally gathered orientalized gazes and perspectives, picking up from misconceptions and stereotypes that evolved during the seconf half of the 19th century and were perpectuated by colonialism. More recent scholarship has shed light on the urban organization and composition of such tissues; most of them confined to old quarters or historical centres of thriving contemporary cities within the Arab-Muslim world. In fact, one of the most striking features has been the unveiling of layered urban assemblages where exterior agents have somehow launched or interrupted an apparent islamicized continuum. Primarly, this paper wishes to search for external political factors that have designed regularly geometrized patterns in medium-sized Arab towns. For that, two case studies from different geographies - Maghreb and the Near East - will be morphologically analysed through updated urban surveys. Whereas Nablus (Palestine) ows the urban matrix of its old town to its Roman past, in Azemmour's medina (Morocco) it is still possible to track the thin European early-modern colonial stratum. However, both cases show how regularity patterns challenge Western concepts of geometrical design to embrace levels of rationality related to tradional Islamic urban forms, societal configurations and built environment. Urban morphology becomes a fundamental tool for articulating the history with me processes of sedimentation and evolution in order to read current urban prints and dynamics. Thus, the paper will also interpret alternative logics of rational urban display in Azemmour and Nablus, linked to ways of living within the Islamic sphere. ; Traditional Islamic cities have generally gathered orientalized gazes and perspectives, picking up from misconceptions and stereotypes that evolved during the seconf half of the 19th century and were perpectuated by colonialism. More recent scholarship has shed light on the urban organization and composition of such tissues; most of them confined to old quarters or ...

Traditional Islamic cities have generally gathered orientalized gazes and perspectives, picking up from misconceptions and stereotypes that evolved during the seconf half of the 19th century and were perpectuated by colonialism. More recent scholarship has shed light on the urban organization and composition of such tissues, most of them confined to old quarters or historical centres of thriving contemporary cities within the Arab-Muslim world. In fact, one of the most striking features has been the unveiling of layered urban assemblages where exterior agents have somehow launched or interrupted an apparent islamicized continuum. Primarly, this paper wishes to search for external political factors that have designed regularly geometrized patterns in medium-sized Arab towns. For that, two case studies from different geographies - Maghreb and the Near East - will be morphologically analysed through updated urban surveys. Whereas Nablus (Palestine) ows the urban matrix of its old town to its Roman past, in Azemmour's medina (Morocco) it is still possible to track the thin European early-modern colonial stratum. However, both cases show how regularity patterns challenge Western concepts of geometrical design to embrace levels of rationality related to tradional Islamic urban forms, societal configurations and built environment. Urban morphology becomes a fundamental tool to articulate history with processes of sedimentation and evolution in order to read current urban prints and dynamics. Thus, the paper will also interpret alternative logics of rational urban display in Azemmour and Nablus, linked to ways of living within the Islamic ...

La presencia portuguesa en el Norte de África se inició con la conquista de Ceuta en 1415, y terminó con la evacuación de la fundación de Mazagán, en 1769. Hay dos tipos de implantación en este territorio. La conquista era mucho más ventajosa, proporcionando un tejido urbano y comercial existente. Estas ciudades islámicas cambian sus áreas reducidas por nuevas lienzos de muralla que contraerán sus perímetros originales - atalho. Esta comunicación busca demostrar como de la conjugación de conquistas y fundaciones resultaran estrategias de poder asociado, por un lado, a una territorialidad consolidada en ciudades solidamente establecidas en la costa magrebí, apoyadas por "baluartes" satélites caracterizados por castillos o villas, y también, a un urbanismo aplicado al desafío de cada implantación. ; Portuguese presence in Northern Africa started with the conquest of Ceuta in 1415 and ended in 1769, when Mazagão was abandoned. There are two kinds of establishment in this territory. The conquest was a much advantageous process since the conquerors would inherit a pre-existing urban and commercial tissue. These former Muslim cities saw their surfaces reduced by new wall curtains that shrank their original perimeters - 2 atalho. This paper wishes to show how a conjunction of conquests and new establishments created strategies of power associated not only to a solid territoriality along the coast, based on cities supported by satellite bastions or castles, but also to an urban design applied in a case by case assessment. Key words Northern Africa, Portuguese, conquest, new establishment, urbanism Introducción Los dos lados del Estrecho de Gibraltar comparten una larga historia de interacción social, militar y cultural entre el Norte y Sur. Las agresiones costeras fueron frecuentes, perpetradas por reinos musulmanes y cristianos que habitaron la región durante la época medieval. La presencia portuguesa en el Norte de África se inició de hecho con la conquista de Ceuta en 1415, y terminó con la evacuación de Mazagão, en ...

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect vulnerable populations living mostly in tropical and subtropical settings, and disproportionately affect women and children. Historically, the priority given to NTDs in global health policies has been lower than that of HIV, malaria and TB, but in recent years it has increased. To understand the processes that helped raise the positioning of NTDs in global policies, this study used a framework by Shiffman and Smith that assembles determinants of political priority under four categories: actor power, ideas, political contexts, and issue characteristics. A total of 37 global policy documents, 15 WHA resolutions, 38 academic publications, and findings from 12 semi-structured interviews with individuals representing different sectors within the NTD community, were analyzed using a policy framework proposed by Shiffman and Smith. This study found that elements that helped increase the priority of NTDs in global policies included the presence of leaders, institutions and guiding documents to mobilize the community, the creation of the NTD label, and the way the burden and solutions were presented. To continue raising the profile of NTDs at the global level, the study presents suggestions that are in line with UHC and SDG targets.