Suchergebnisse

Based on feedbacks of development workers, local government units (LGUs), and agricultural extension workers, there are rice varieties unregistered to National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) and Philippine Seed Board (PSB). Some of these varieties are widely used by farmers and being preserved for years while others are introduced by fellow farmers from nearby Barangays [villages]. This study aims to identify unregistered rice varieties circulating in Negros and Bohol Islands, to document farmers' reasons and socio-economic factors in using these varieties, and to collect seed samples for demonstration and classification study. Thirty-eight unregistered rice varieties were found in Negros and Bohol Islands and 52.63% of these varieties are used in Negros Oriental, 28.95% in Negros Occidental, and 18.42% in Bohol. The major reasons of farmer-users include resistance to insect pests and diseases, good eating quality and good germination. Minor reasons are higher grain weight, less fertilizer requirement, and tillering ability. Main and least socio-economic factors of using these varieties are easy accessibility and recommended by millers/traders having 61% and 2%, respectively. It is concluded that there are many unregistered rice varieties circulating and being used by the farmers in Negros and Bohol Islands. It is recommended that these varieties should be analyzed and characterized to check if these varieties are unique, NSIC and PSB released, or promising lines that were collected during field testing.

The likely endogeneity between democracy and trade is addressed with an instrumental variables strategy in this article about whether international trade fosters democracy. The authors use a measure of natural openness to obtain estimates of the causal impact of openness on democratization in three separate samples spanning the last 130 years. A positive impact of openness on democracy is apparent in the data over the long run. The post-World War II results suggest that with a rise in trade with other countries equal to a one standard deviation increase, countries such as Indonesia, Russia, and Venezuela could eventually become as democratic as the U.S., Great Britain, or France. There is some variation in the impact of openness by region that maybe because trade seems to have a positive impact only when the capital-to-labor ratio is sufficiently high. This is consistent with the idea that openness promotes democracy when it strengthens the economic fortunes of the middle class. Adapted from the source document.