Suchergebnisse

Este artículo evalúa la utilidad de la teoría de la desobediencia civil para legitimar la e-filtración, esto es, la revelación ética de información confidencial mediante las TIC. Primero, se repasan las principales definiciones de desobediencia civil offline, conectándola con la democracia deliberativa. Segundo, se perfilan las principales dificultades de las luchas sociales en Internet, como la ausencia de ciberderechos. Finalmente, se analiza si WikiLeaks cumple los requisitos clásicos de la acción desobediente: simbólica, pacífica, pública, responsable, etc. Y se puede concluir afirmativamente si se adecua la desobediencia civil al ciberespacio transnacional, mediante su despenalización y la aceptación del anonimato como método válido para publicar secretos, obviando ; This paper evaluates the utility of civil disobedience theory to legitimate the e-leaking, i.e. ethical disclosure of confidential information through ICTs. First, the main definitions of offline civil disobedience are reviewed, connecting it with deliberative democracy. Second, the main difficulties of social struggles on the Internet are outlined, as the absence of cyber-rights. Finally, we analyse whether WikiLeaks meets classical requirements of disobedient action: symbolic, peaceful, public, responsible, etc. And it can be concluded affirmatively if civil disobedience is adapted to transnational cyberspace, by means of its decriminalization and the acceptance of anonymity as a valid method to publish secrets, obviating the pressing question of its legality.

Impacts of agricultural management practices on the receiving environment are seldom suitably assessed because environmental monitoring is costly. In this regard, data generated by already existing environmental survey networks (ESNs) may have sufficient capacity to detect effects. Here, we study the capacity of the Catalan butterfly monitoring scheme (CBMS) to detect differences in butterfly abundance due to changes in agricultural practices. As a model, we compared butterfly abundance across two landscape types according to agricultural intensification. A 2 km diameter buffer area was centered on the CBMS transect, the control group were transects located in areas where intensive agriculture represented <20% of the area; a treated group was simulated by selecting transects located in areas where intensive agriculture occupied an area over 40%. The Welch t‐test (α = 0.05 and 80% power) was used to compare butterfly abundance per section across landscape types. The capacity of the t‐test to detect changes in mean butterfly abundance, of 12 butterfly indicators relevant to farmland, was calculated annually and for 5‐, 10‐, and 15‐yr periods. Detection capacity of the t‐test depended mainly on butterfly data sample size and variability; difference in butterfly abundance was less important. The t‐test would be capable of detecting acceptably small population changes across years and sites. For instance, considering a 15‐yr period, it would be possible to detect a change in abundance below 10% of the multispecies indicators (all butterfly species, open habitat species, mobile species, and grassland indicators) and two single species (Lasiommata megera and Lycaena phlaeas). When comparisons were carried out within each year, the t‐test would only be capable of detecting a change below 30% for all butterfly species, mobile species, and L. megera. However, detection capacity rapidly improved with the addition of further years, and with 5 yr of monitoring, all indicators but Thymelicus acteon had a detection capacity below 30%. We therefore conclude that, from a statistical point of view, the CBMS data "as is" are sensitive enough for monitoring effects of changes in agricultural practices. It could be used, for instance, for the general surveillance of genetically modified crops. ; This work was partially supported by the Spanish Government‐funded project AGL2011‐23996 and a FI‐DGR scholarship to M. Lee from the Catalan Government.

The already enormous burden caused by tuberculosis (TB) will be further aggravated by the association of this disease with modern epidemics, as human immunodeficiency virus and diabetes. Furthermore, the increasingly aging population and the wider use of suppressive immune therapies hold the potential to enhance the incidence of TB. New preventive and therapeutic strategies based on recent advances on our understanding of TB are thus needed. In particular, understanding the intricate network of events modulating inflammation in TB will help to build more effective vaccines and host-directed therapies to stop TB. This review integrates the impact of host, pathogen, and extrinsic factors on inflammation and the almost scientifically unexplored complexity emerging from the interactions between these three factors. We highlight the exciting data showing a contribution of this troika for the clinical outcome of TB and the need of incorporating it when developing novel strategies to rewire the immune response in TB. ; HN-B acknowledges the receipt of research scholarships from Bolsa D. Manuel de Mello and the Portuguese Society for Pneumology. NO acknowledges FCT IF/00474/2014. SG is funded by the European Research Council (grant number 309540-EVODRTB); the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number 310030_166687) SystemsX.ch. IC lab is financed by Ministerio de Econom?a y Competitividad (Spanish Government) research grant SAF2013-43521-R, SAF2016-77346-R, and PROMETEO/2016/122 from Generalitat Valenciana and the European Research Council (ERC) (638553-TB-ACCELERATE). The MS lab is financed by FEDER-Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional funds through the COMPETE 2020-Operacional Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT in the framework of the project "Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences" (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274). MS is an FCT Principal Investigator. Some graphical elements in the figures were designed by kjpargeter/Freepik. The funding agencies had no role in the design of the manuscript.