Suchergebnisse

Cover -- Endorsement -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgement -- 1 Introduction -- Prologue -- Legal Modernization and the Road to Modernity in Japan -- Methodology -- 2 Background -- Facts of the Case -- Points of Contention -- 3 Criminal Proceedings -- Lack of Legislation -- Composition of the Court -- Procedural Law -- Substantive Law -- 4 Civil Proceedings -- Procedural Law -- Language of the Procedure -- Substantive Law -- 5 International Dispute Resolution and Arbitration -- Diplomatic Relations and the Treaty Regime -- Arbitration -- The Peruvian Claim -- The Japanese Response -- The Award -- 6 Conclusions: The Legacy of the María Luz Incident -- A Trial on Trial: Dialogues between Japan and the West -- Implications for Japan's International Standing -- Japan and International Arbitration -- Epilogue -- Index.

Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors and Authors -- Law in the Opera, Law on the Opera, Law Around the Opera: A Multidisciplinary Approach -- 1 Conceptual Premises -- 2 Law in Opera -- 3 Law on Opera, Law Around Opera -- 4 Conclusion (to the Introduction) -- References -- Part I: Law in Opera -- Scalia/Ginsburg: The Rhythm of the US Federal Supreme Court -- 1 The Plot -- 2 Two Different Justices -- 3 Theories of Interpretation and the Principle of Separation of Powers -- 4 The Myth of the Supreme Court of the United States -- References -- Exile and Identity: Findings of Fact and Opinions of Law, in Bellini´s La Straniera -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reasons for a Choice -- 2.1 Identity Basics: il ver rispondi: chi sei tu? -- 2.2 Facts Connected by Weak Causation: Act 1 [1h.26mn.] -- 2.3 Thoughts After Curtains -- References -- Fiat iustitia et pereat mundus. The Tragic Conflicts of the Judge in I Due Foscari -- 1 Between Law and Justice -- 2 The Doge and the Father -- 3 The Paradox of the Undecidable -- 4 The Triumph of the Reason of State -- 5 The Blindfold of Justice -- 6 Beyond the Law -- References -- ``That May Be Japanese Law but Not in My Country!´´ Marriage, Divorce, and Private International Law in Giacomo Puccini´s Mad... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Origin and Plot -- 3 Legal Issues -- 4 Applicable Law -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Crime, Prosecution, and Justice in Giuseppe Verdi´s Otello -- 1 Honor Killing or Premeditated Murder? -- 2 The Sources of Othello -- 3 The Criminal Legislation in Cyprus During the Venetian Rule -- 4 Honor Killing at Verdi´s Time: Criminal Legislation and Public Opinion -- 5 The Libretto and the Score -- References -- Further Reading -- The Marriage of Figaro and the Sunset of Ancien Rgime Legacy on Modern Legal Culture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ``Le droit du seigneur´´ (ius primae noctis)

The Annotated Constitution of Japan: A Handbook for the first time makes the entirety of Japan's constitution accessible in English. The book consists of a historical and contextual overview of how the constitution came into being, followed by descriptions of each of its 103 articles; the meaning of the text, interpretive disputes, academic theories and leading cases arising under them. The book also points out the many subtle distinctions between the English version and the Japanese, some of which arose from the charter's unique provenance. With contributors representing a broad range of expertise in various areas of Japanese law, the book is written to appeal to academics, students and general readers alike. It is intended to be the first port of call for anyone needing to understand the fundamentals of Japanese constitutional law, whether from the perspective of Japanese studies, comparative law, or political science, but unable to access the text and related literature available in Japanese. Key reference documents in English and Japanese are included as appendices for ease of reference

IntroductionTDF/FTC/RPV has been shown effective in both naïve and PI‐pre‐treated patients. Less is known about a switch strategy in subjects receiving EFV.Materials and MethodsWe evaluated viro‐immunologic outcomes, Quality of Life (QoL) and costs of an unselected cohort of patients switching from a TDF/FTC/EFV STR (≥6 months duration) to a TDF/FTC/RPV STR. The considered outcome measures were quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) as measured with the EQ5D questionnaire and the overall direct health costs. 64 patients with a baseline viral load<50 copies/mL were randomized to immediately switch therapy or to continue TDF/FTC/EFV for four months and then switch to TDF/FTC/RPV. Six patients in the deferred switch group did not actually change cART.ResultsPatients were mostly males (73.4%) with a mean age of 46 years, a baseline mean HIV‐RNA of 6.4 copies/mL and a mean baseline CD4 count of 588 cells/µL. For the considered follow‐up period, the mean cost per patient resulted 2,563 for TDF/FTC/RPV and 2,572 for TDF/FTC/EFV. Viremia remained undetectable and CD4 stable in all patients. Over time the mean QoL increased in the RPV arm ad slightly decreased in the EFV arm, after four months the mean per patient QALYs was 0.849 for RPV and 0.841 for EFV, respectively (Figure 1). A sharp increment of QoL was observed in the deferred‐switch arm after switch, too. VAS analysis of health status perception also increased overall from 82.78 to 83.79 due to the improvement in the RPV arm. Mean cholesterol levels improved in the RPV arm from 203 to 170 mg/dL, while an increment from 190 to 207 mg/dL was observed in the EFV arm. HDL levels lowered from 49 to 45 and rose from 53 to 54 mg/dL in the RPV and EFV arms, respectively. Triglycerides levels improved both in the RPV arm (from 138 to 112 mg/dL) and in the EFV arm (from 110 to 103 mg/dL).ConclusionsSwitching from TDF/FTC/EFV to TDF/FTC/RPV is a safe, well tolerated strategy that improves the overall health status of HIV‐treated patients. The switch does not expose patients to a risk of virologic failure due to possible PK interactions of the drugs. RPV compared to EFV proved to be cost‐effective showing lower cost and higher outcome measure values.

Diabetes treatment cost represents an ever-growing problem. The adoption of new drugs in therapy, although they can guarantee an improvement in patient's quality of life, can meet obstacles when it involves an increase in costs. We decided to compare the costs and benefits of the new saxagliptin and dapagliflozin combination versus traditional therapies. Bodyweight loss and the sharp reduction in hypoglycemic episodes were the 2 main clinical outcomes that emerged from registered studies of saxagliptin and dapagliflozin compared with the sulfonylureas. These results, combined with the good cardiovascular risk profile, led to develop a cost-utility analysis. We aimed to show the economic value of this new association therapy. We carried out a cost-utility analysis from the Italian National Healthcare System (NHS) perspective, focused on direct costs related to the treatment and management of main diabetes complications. Utility scores adopted have been measured based on the patient's perception of weight changes. In light of the better durability profile of saxagliptin/dapagliflozin compared with gliclazide, we also considered a simulation scenario to assess the impact on costs of switching to basal insulin, starting from gliclazide and the fixed combination, respectively, and based on the related probabilities to switch. To assess the robustness of the results, a 1-way sensitivity analysis was performed by changing the main parameters by ±20%. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the results was tested considering the addition of a percent discount, because the purchase costs of drugs are usually subject to hidden discounts. We calculated the total direct annual cost per patient of saxagliptin/dapagliflozin versus gliclazide and insulin glargine for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus not achieving glycemic control on metformin plus saxagliptin alone, dapagliflozin alone, or gliclazide at a lower dosage. Total treatment costs have been obtained adding the direct cost of the drug, needles, glycemic self-monitoring, hypoglycemic events, cardiovascular complications, and effect on consumption of other drugs. The total direct cost of saxagliptin/dapagliflozin fixed dose combination was €414.62 higher than gliclazide (€1.067.72 vs €653.10), and greater than basal insulin, with a difference of €166.99 (€1067.72 vs €900.72). Despite the higher annual direct total cost, the additional cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained, compared with gliclazide, has been €11 517, and €4639, when compared with insulin glargine in the base-case scenario, and the robustness of the results has been shown in the sensitivity analysis. The results of our cost-utility analysis, expressed as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, were fully compliant with the threshold adopted for Italy. Then, saxagliptin/dapagliflozin can be considered a cost-effective oral hypoglycemic agent. The positive effect of this drug on the quality of life, induced by the bodyweight loss, has allowed this outcome, despite the higher annual cost per patient, mainly determined by the drug purchase cost.