Suchergebnisse

Frontmatter -- Contents -- THE REALITY OF SOCIETAL DEATH -- 1. All Societies Die -- 2. Is a Fall Really a Fall? -- 3. The Fall of the Byzantine Empire: The Greatest Story You've Never Heard -- 4. The End Comes to Byzantium -- 5. The Environmental Causes of Violence in the Middle East -- 6. The French Revolution: Fighting about Taxes at the Worst Possible Time -- 7. How States Actually Die: The Real-Life Death of Somalia -- 8. Somalia after the Fall -- 9. What Links These Stories? -- 10. Rethinking Ecological Catastrophe -- 11. Rethinking Moral Crisis -- 12. Networks of Cooperation -- 13. Why Bigger Is Better -- 14. Legitimation: So Hard to Earn, So Precious to Have -- 15. Psychological Foundations of Societal Survival -- 16. Progress That Is Real: The Reduction of Poverty -- 17. Progress That Is Real: The Improvement in Health -- 18. Progress That Is Real: The Reduction of Violent Crime -- 19. The Motivation to Not Cooperate: The Origins of Civilization in Raiding -- 20. Primitive Accumulation Today: Raiding Is Not Dead -- 21. The Motivation to Not Cooperate: How Europe Historically Underdeveloped Much of the World -- 22. What Can Go Wrong When Western Companies Invest in Poor Nations -- 23. Cycles of Catastrophic Debt -- 24. East Asian Secrets of Economic Growth -- 25. Big Government and Prosperity in the United States -- 26. The Miracle of Airports -- 27. The Origins of National Technological Advantage -- 28. The Economic Returns to Funding Scientific Research -- 29. The Tax Revolt: How the Conservative Middle Class Became the Revolutionary Class of Capitalism -- 30. Why Tax Cuts Do Not Create Jobs -- 31. The Explosion of Crime in the Global South -- 32. The Parallel Power: The Criminal Second State -- 33. A Guide to Corruption for Naive Idealists -- 34. Technical Demoralization -- 35. What It Takes to Clean Up Corruption -- 36. Ethnic Violence: The Economic Basis of Hatred -- 37. Working at Creating a Culture of Hatred -- 38. Landlessness and Political Violence -- 39. Landlessness and Political Violence: The Evidence -- 40. The Global Land Grab -- 41. Population Growth and Landlessness -- 42. Triggers of Destruction -- 43. Long-Term Booms and Busts in Capitalism -- 44. Technological and International Causes of Stagnation -- 45. Will There Be a Sixth Mensch Cycle? -- 46. Ever-Expanding Frontiers of Ecological Destruction -- 47. Why Women's Power Matters -- 48. Patriarchy Redux? -- 49. The Circle of Societal Death -- 50. Triggering the Circle of Societal Death -- 51. Creating a Culture of Societal Survival -- 52. Changing the Culture of One-Third of the World: How Christianity Spread from Palestine -- 53. Creating a Culture of Caretaking: Women in Ancient Rome and 2000's Uganda -- 54. Creating Lasting Meaningful Social Reform: The Abolition of Slavery I -- 55. Creating Lasting Meaningful Social Reform: The Abolition of Slavery II -- 56. Doing the Right Thing under Impossible Conditions: Saving the Jews under Nazism -- 57. What You Can Do to Save the World -- Appendix: Unit of Analysis Issues in Comparative Social Science -- Scholarly References

Coercive capitalism is development based on the use of force to dispossess either land or labor. Early macrosociologists, both functionalist and conflict-oriented, believed that feudal systems were based on the use of force but that capitalism is based on coercion-free free markets. Wallerstein argued that coercive capitalism exists in the periphery of world systems. We argue that coercion is endemic to all capitalism. Much of the land on which capitalism is based, including all of the Western Hemisphere, was seized from aboriginal populations. Land seizure was common in historic Europe. Forced labor existed until very recently in both bound apprenticeships and prison work crews. Coercion is used extensively in land acquisition for contemporary capitalism. It can take the form of legal sanctions exerted against the defenseless, or the use of paramilitaries and gangsters to exert pressure on the landholding poor.

This essay attempts to contribute to the study of gender and development by developing a systematic theory of the division of work between men and women in the global North and the global South. There is an extensive literature on women's work and development; this literature consists of rich case studies that do not attempt to identify general principles that apply to women's work as a whole. In formal employment settings, women are most likely to be excluded from settings where employers are buffered from labor costs and do not have to utilize cheap labor. In the global North, this means settings that are capital-intensive, where raw material and machinery costs reduce the importance of wage costs in total budgets. In the global South, petroleum lowers the importance of wage costs, promoting male employment, while export orientation increases the importance of cheap labor, promoting female employment. Family firms and female self-employment have their own dynamics, which are discussed.

The Black Death spurred monarchies and city‐states across much of Western Europe to formulate new wage and price legislation. These legislative acts splintered in a multitude of directions that to date defy any obvious patterns of economic or political rationality. A comparison of labour laws in England, France, Provence, Aragon, Castile, the Low Countries, and the city‐states of Italy shows that these laws did not flow logically from new post‐plague demographics and economics—the realities of the supply and demand for labour. Instead, the new municipal and royal efforts to control labour and artisans' prices emerged from fears of the greed and supposed new powers of subaltern classes and are better understood in the contexts of anxiety that sprung forth from the Black Death's new horrors of mass mortality and destruction, resulting in social behaviour such as the flagellant movement and the persecution of Jews, Catalans, and beggars.