Suchergebnisse

An investigation has been undertaken, within the framework of the 1966 national survey, of the knowledge, practice and effectiveness of contraception in Belgium. The basic findings are presented here.Knowledge of contraceptive methods was rather slight. With the exception of oral contraception, it was the reproductively least effective and sexually most disturbing methods which were best known. Also, the data on the sources of knowledge of contraceptive methods showed a discrepancy between reality and what was considered desirable. Although contraceptive practice was very widespread, a great many of the women questioned felt inhibited about this problem. In general, a restricted number of methods was used and a large majority of the users exclusively practised non-appliance methods. According to shifts in use, a scale of relative acceptability of methods has been prepared.On the basis of information for a subsample, the majority of the conceptions appeared to be unplanned and this phenomenon increased with parity.The contraception data have been related to a limited number of sociocultural identification and performance variables, some of which are of considerable sociobiological importance. The relative effect of these variables on contraceptive behaviour has been examined. Interaction between several of them has been demonstrated.The qualitative analysis of the questionnaires not only allowed answers to be checked and interpreted but also largely confirmed the statistical findings.

SummaryIn 1966, a National Survey on Fecundity and Fertility was organized in Belgium. Approximately 3000 married women under 41 years of age and living with their husbands were interviewed and asked about their reproductive histories. The present paper records the sociobiological aims and methods and some preliminary results of this survey. The aims were to:(1) study the influences of contraception on human needs and qualities, in this case mainly potential fecundity;(2) study the influence of attempts to increase the potential fecundity level in modern society on fecundity gene frequencies;(3) study the influences of the overall socio-cultural environment on fecundity and fertility variables with particular reference to differences in social status in Western society;(4) analyse the role of social assortment of fecundity and fertility variables on the biological structure, and possibly the composition, of modern populations.A relatively large, but far from complete body of data has been collected on a number of individual fecundity and fertility variables, on the medical processes employed to increase fecundity, on contraception, and on a number of conventional sociological and demographic variables.The principles underlying the present approach to the study of fecundity are explained, and a few preliminary results for one of the general fecundity classifications are shown.The information collected on contraception has been qualitatively analysed and a correction and evaluation method is described. Data on the use of the different contraceptive methods show that substantial sections of the Belgian population are limiting their family size in a way which is inefficient, from both sexual and familial standpoints.

Location-based Marketing outlines the main concepts, methods and strategies for implementing spatial marketing, also known as geomarketing. With an emphasis on the value of mapping in marketing decision-making, this book demonstrates the importance of a more spatialized view of these decisions, in order to best respond to market realities ' whether local or international. The main techniques of geomarketing are presented along with an understanding of the spatial behavior of consumers, both outside the point of sale and in stores. The book further introduces the idea of a "geomarketing mix", which spatializes product innovations, merchandising, pricing and various aspects of promotion. Finally, the book defines what real georetailing comprises and develops the concept of mobile marketing based on geolocation techniques

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Setting the Stage for Reflecting on a Universal Morality -- Abstract -- 1.1 Evolution Science -- 1.1.1 The Darwinian Revolution -- 1.1.2 The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis -- 1.1.3 The Molecular-Genetic Revolution -- 1.1.4 The Second Darwinian Revolution -- 1.2 The Hominisation Process -- 1.3 The Modernisation Process -- 1.4 Confronting Hominisation with Modernisation -- 1.5 The Time Dimension: The Third Millennium -- 2 Origin and Evolution of Morality -- Abstract -- 2.1 Evolutionary Mechanisms Producing Predispositions to Morality -- 2.1.1 Mutation -- 2.1.1.1 Genetic Mutation -- 2.1.1.2 Cultural Mutants -- 2.1.2 Selection -- 2.1.2.1 Natural Selection -- 2.1.2.2 Cultural Selection -- 2.1.2.3 Social Selection -- 2.1.2.4 Sexual Selection -- 2.1.2.5 Kin Selection -- 2.1.2.6 Reciprocity Selection -- 2.1.2.7 Coercive Selection -- 2.1.2.8 Group Selection -- 2.1.3 Migration -- 2.1.4 Genetic and Cultural Drift -- 2.1.5 Partner Choice -- 2.2 Evolutionary Background of Morality -- 2.2.1 A Brief Review of Evolutionary Ethics Theory -- 2.2.1.1 The Is/Ought Question and the Naturalistic Fallacy -- 2.2.1.2 The Darwinian and Spencerian Beginnings of Evolutionary Ethics -- 2.2.1.3 The New Evolutionary Ethics Following the Development of the Neo-Darwinian Evolutionary Synthesis -- 2.2.1.4 The Latest Revision of the Evolutionary Ethics Theory Inspired by the Second Darwinian Revolution -- 2.2.1.5 Continuity, Refinement, but Persisting Discordance About Evolutionary Ethics -- 2.2.2 Biological Bases of Morality: Natural Needs and Drives -- 2.2.2.1 Individual Ontogenetic Development -- 2.2.2.2 Sociality -- 2.2.2.3 Reproduction -- 2.2.2.4 Competition Between Natural Needs and Drives -- 2.2.3 Evolutionary Causes of Human Morality -- 2.2.3.1 The Shift from Instinctive to Conscious Behaviour

Since the onset of modernisation the world population has doubled several times and will soon reach 6 billion of people. The annual rate of increase in the world population is approximately 90 million people. This is the largest absolute level of population growth ever recorded. According to the most recent population projections of the United Nations, the world population will probably double again before stabilising at a stationary level. Ninety percent of the present and future population growth is accounted for by developing countries. The fast increase in the size of the population in many developing countries is a serious obstacle to their attempts to overcome their backwardness, make a substantial improvement to their quality of life, and achieve a sustainable way of exploiting their renewable and non-renewable resources. At the same time, non-sustainable consumption and production patterns in the industrial countries and among wealthy citizens in developing countries, place additional burdens on the planet's natural resources and ecosystems. With a view of considering these problems and elaborating policy guidelines, the United Nations staged its International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo, Egypt, September 5-13, 1994. This monograph deals with the background to the ICPD, its preparation, proceedings, and contents. It also evaluates its results and recommendations by comparing the ICPD Action Programme with the current scientific literature. The ICPD dealt with the key issues concerning the interrelations between population, development and environment, and their causes, and was not limited to marginal issues such as abortion, promiscuity and homosexuality as was the impression given in the media as a result of the way these questions were distorted by the action of religious fundamentalists. The ICPD Action Programme forms an impressive charter with a broad range of relevant policy recommendations. Nevertheless, compared to most of the current scientific literature, the ICPD seems to underestimate the seriousness and urgency of the issues at stake