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Wind power has been growing at spectacular rates. Today it is the largest non-hydro renewable power technology. Worldwide there is 74 GW of installed capacity which is 1.7% of power generation capacity and in 2006 it accounted for 0.82% of electricity production. However, offshore wind still only counts for a very small amount and development has only taken place in North European counties round the North Sea and the Baltic Sea over the last 15 years. Offshore wind is still some 50% more expensive than onshore wind, but more wind resources and lesser visual impacts from larger turbines are expected to compensate for the higher installation costs in the long term. Most offshore wind farms are installed in British, Swedish and Danish waters, and present-day costs of installing wind energy in the UK are between 1,200 to 1,600 £/kW (1,781 to 2,375 €/kW) offshore, while in Sweden investment costs were 1,800 €/kW, and in Denmark 1,200 to 1,700 €/kW, though investment costs for a new wind farm are expected be in the range of 2.0 to 2.2 mill. €/MW for a near-shore shallow depth facility. Future developments in offshore wind technology concerning aerodynamics, structural dynamics, structural design, machine elements, electrical design and grid integration could drive investment costs from present-day range of 1.9 to 2.2 mill.€/MW down to 1.35 - 1.54 mill.€/MW in 2050, which accounts for a reduction of costs of approx. 35% . In order to sum up progress and identify future research needs, the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind agreement Task 11 should arrange a new meeting concerning long term research needs for reviewing "the long term strategy for 2000 to 2020" from 2001, to come up with suggestions / recommendations on how to define and proceed with, the necessary research activities of the IEA Wind Agreement and governments involved on key wind issues related to offshore technologies.

The development of the wind energy technology has been very successful from the 1970's and up till now. Initially there was a battle between wind turbine concepts, but the commercial winner today is the three-bladed horizontal axis, upwind, electricity producing and grid connected wind turbine with availability on mature markets somewhere around 99%. An important contributor to the growth of the European market for wind energy technology has been EU framework legislation combined with legislation at the national level. The binding target for renewable energy in Sweden is proposed to be 49% of the final energy consumption in 2020 compared to 39.8% in 2005. To stimulate the development of wind energy and to promote a specific national goals Sweden is mainly using an electricity certificate system. The target is to increase the production of electricity from renewable sources by 17 TWh in 2016, relative to corresponding production in 2002. There is not at specific target for the use of wind energy. A future energy system that includes a high proportion of wind energy will be expected to meet the same requirements for security of supply and economic efficiency as the energy systems of today. The variability of wind power create a specific challenges for the future energy systems compared to those of today. The economics of wind power depends mainly of investment cost, operation and maintenance costs, electricity production and turbine lifetime. An average turbine installed in Europe has a total investment cost of 1.230 €/kW with a typically variation from approximately 1000 €/kW to approximately 1400 €/kW. The calculated costs per kWh wind generated power range from approximately 7-10 c€/kWh at sites with low average wind speeds to approximately 5-6.5 c€/kWh at good coastal positions, with an average of approximately 7c€/kWh at a medium wind site. Offshore costs are largely dependent on weather and wave conditions, water depth, and distance to the coast. The cost of wind generated power is higher for offshore wind farms that for on land ones ranging from approximately 6 c€/kWh to more than 9 c€/kWh. Assuming a learning rate at 10% and a doubling time of total installed capacity of four years the cost interval would in 2015 be approximately 4.8 to 5.5 c€/kWh for a coastal and inland site, respectively.

1 23 8 2 ; S ; [EN] Offshore floating hybrid wind and wave energy is a young technology yet to be scaled up. A way to reduce the total costs of the energy production process in order to ensure competitiveness in the sustainable energy market is to maximize the farm's efficiency. To do so, an energy generation and costs calculation model was developed with the objective of minimizing the technology's Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of the P80 hybrid wind-wave concept, designed by the company Floating Power Plant A/S. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm was then implemented on top of other technical and decision-making processes, taking as decision variables the layout, the offshore substation position, and the export cable choice. The process was applied off the west coast of Ireland in a site of interest for the company, and after a quantitative and qualitative optimization process, a minimized LCOE was obtained. It was then found that lower costs of similar to 73% can be reached in the short-term, and the room for improvement in the structure's design and materials was highlighted, with an LCOE reduction potential of up to 32%. The model serves usefully as a preliminary analysis. However, the uncertainty estimate of 11% indicates that further site-specific studies and measurements are essential. Izquierdo-Pérez, J.; Brentan, BM.; Izquierdo Sebastián, J.; Clausen, N.; Pegalajar-Jurado, A.; Ebsen, N. (2020). Layout Optimization Process to Minimize the Cost of Energy of an Offshore Floating Hybrid Wind-Wave Farm. Processes. 8(2):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8020139 Wind Power Capacity Worldwide Reaches 597 GW, 50.1 GWhttps://wwindea.org/blog/2019/02/25/wind-power-capacity-worldwide-reaches-600-gw-539-gw-added-in-2018/ Global Offshore Wind Energy Capacity from 2008 to 2018 (in Megawatts)https://www.statista.com/statistics/476327/global-capacity-of-offshore-wind-energy/ Haliade-X Offshore Wind Turbine Platformhttps://www.ge.com/renewableenergy/wind-energy/offshore-wind/haliade-x-offshore-turbine ...

This report is the first deliverable of Work Package 3 of the Wind2050 project. The Wind2050 project is about the public perception of wind power in Denmark, its role in the planning and development of wind farms and, ultimately, the meaning it has for reaching the Danish government's targets for wind power in 2050. Work Package 3 looks specifically at how private developers handle the public's perception of wind power and what it means for their projects. This report firstly outlines the common stages found in wind farm development and then discusses what manner of interaction the developer commonly has with the public at each stage. The report then shifts focus to what scientific literature says about two important topics in this realm: public risk perception and the NIMBY concept. Finally, the report concludes with suggested topics for research questions and highlights the next steps necessary for WP3 to take.