Suchergebnisse

El ensayo analiza los cambios jurídicos y sociales que experimentaron las mujeres durante los años posteriores a la Revolución Liberal de 1895. La mayoría de las mujeres pioneras en la vida pública del Ecuador provinieron de las clases sociales media y alta. El estudio se concentra en los casos de María Luisa Gómez de la Torre, profesora y la única mujer participante en la fundación del Partido Socialista del Ecuador, y Matilde Hidalgo de Prócel, primera mujer graduada de médico, primera en sufragar en una elección y en obtener un escaño en el Congreso. El artículo indaga si estos cambios institucionales fueron el resultado de una concesión del poder o de una lucha social desde abajo. ; The essay analyses legal and social changes that women experienced during the years prior to the Liberal Revolution of 1895. A majority of the pioneering women in Ecuadorian public life carne from the middle and upper classes. The study focuses on the cases of María Luisa Gómez de la Torre, teacher and sole woman participant in the foundation of the Socialist party of Ecuador, and Matilde Hidalgo de Prócel, the first licensed woman doctor, first to vote as a woman, and the first congresswoman elected in Ecuador. The article investigates whether these institutional changes were a result bestowed from above, or a social struggle fought from below.

Kim B. Clark/Takahiro Fujimoto: Product Development Performance. Strategy, Organization and Management in the World Auto Industry. Harvard Business School Press, Boston 1991, 409 Seiten, 29,95 Dollar

Design Rules -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Artifacts, Designs, and the Structure of Industries -- The Microstructure of Designs -- What Is Modularity? -- The Economic System Surrounding Artifacts and Designs -- The Modular Operators -- The Origins of Modularity in Early Computer Designs -- Creating System/360, the First Modular Computer Family -- Enterprise Design: A Task Structure plus a Contract Structure -- Design Options and Design Evolution -- The Value of Modularity- Splitting and Substitution -- All Modules Are Not Created Equal -- The Value of Augmenting and Excluding -- The Value of Inverting and Porting -- The Emergence of Modular Clusters -- Competition among Hidden Modules and Industry Evolution -- Afterword -- Bibliography -- Index.

AbstractFirms have been relying on corporate political activity (CPA) to achieve access and to affect public policy change for decades. Most research on CPA and public policy outcomes has implicitly assumed that access afforded by CPA results in an either‐ or (dichotomous) policy outcome such as votes or election outcomes. Based on recent research on how CPA can be a strategic signal to government agencies, however, it is possible that CPA may in fact, have a linear association with public policy outcomes as opposed to merely a dichotomous one, and we explore this relationship in the unique public policy context of government contract awards. We specifically analyze how higher levels of CPA impact the financial value of government contracts awarded to firms. Utilizing the S&P 1500 sample for 16 years (1997–2012) we find that CPA has a one to one association with the value of contract awards, indicating that CPA and public policy outcomes can be linked in ways that motivate firms to continuously invest in CPA, to maximize their political rents. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this finding in light of extant research on CPA and its direct impact on public policy outcomes.