Suchergebnisse

International audience ; In France, like in other parts of the world, environmental-protection policies appear to have taken note of local resistance driven by the eviction of populations and restrictions on their use of certain areas. The amendment to the law on French national parks (2006 reform) as such recognized that local populations can help to protect natural environments, as well as their right to participate in defining the charter (or spatial plan) of new parks. This article analyses the creation and local acceptance of the Calanques National Park, a peri-urban park and the first of a new generation of parks in mainland France. Our approach is based on the analytical framework of environmental effort. Using a qualitative corpus of semi-structured interviews and direct observation, we explore three analytical axes. We begin by analyzing the consultation process conducted during the creation of the park. This points up inequalities in access to the public sphere and underscores that only a few, well-endowed user-organizations truly helped define the 'good use' of the Calanques that became a reference in the park's charter. Then we examine how such unequal user participation impacted the wording used in the charter and the distribution of environmental effort demanded of different users. Lastly, the first two observations lead us to question the acceptability of the effort required and its division among users, particularly since the consultation process has been strongly criticized. We question how fairly the effort required by the park's creation was distributed, particularly given the lack of information and limited legitimacy afforded to the consultation process. Finally, we look at the blaming that has taken place amongst different users of the park—a process compounded for many of those interviewed by their fear of being deprived (unjustifiably, they felt) of their freedom to access nature. ; En France, comme dans d'autres régions du monde, les politiques de mise en protection de la nature semblent ...

International audience ; In France, like in other parts of the world, environmental-protection policies appear to have taken note of local resistance driven by the eviction of populations and restrictions on their use of certain areas. The amendment to the law on French national parks (2006 reform) as such recognized that local populations can help to protect natural environments, as well as their right to participate in defining the charter (or spatial plan) of new parks. This article analyses the creation and local acceptance of the Calanques National Park, a peri-urban park and the first of a new generation of parks in mainland France. Our approach is based on the analytical framework of environmental effort. Using a qualitative corpus of semi-structured interviews and direct observation, we explore three analytical axes. We begin by analyzing the consultation process conducted during the creation of the park. This points up inequalities in access to the public sphere and underscores that only a few, well-endowed user-organizations truly helped define the 'good use' of the Calanques that became a reference in the park's charter. Then we examine how such unequal user participation impacted the wording used in the charter and the distribution of environmental effort demanded of different users. Lastly, the first two observations lead us to question the acceptability of the effort required and its division among users, particularly since the consultation process has been strongly criticized. We question how fairly the effort required by the park's creation was distributed, particularly given the lack of information and limited legitimacy afforded to the consultation process. Finally, we look at the blaming that has taken place amongst different users of the park—a process compounded for many of those interviewed by their fear of being deprived (unjustifiably, they felt) of their freedom to access nature. ; En France, comme dans d'autres régions du monde, les politiques de mise en protection de la nature semblent prendre acte des résistances locales suscités par l'éviction des populations et la restriction de leur droit d'usage. L'évolution de la loi relative aux parcs nationaux français (réforme de 2006) reconnaît ainsi le concours de ces populations à la préservation des milieux naturels et leur droit de participer à la définition de la charte du parc (soit le projet de territoire)). Cet article propose une analyse de la création et de l'acceptation locale du Parc national des calanques, premier parc péri-urbain et de nouvelle génération en France métropolitaine. La grille de lecture mobilisée est celle de l'effort environnemental. A partir d'un corpus qualitatif associant entretiens semi-directifs et observations directes, trois axes d'analyse sont développés. Tout d'abord, l'analyse de la concertation menée lors de la création du parc, montre les inégalités d'accès à l'espace public soulignant que seules quelques organisations d'usagers, bien dotés en ressources, ont véritablement contribué à définir le « bon usage » des calanques, faisant référence dans la formulation de la charte du parc. Puis, l'analyse porte sur les implications de cette inégale participation à la formulation de la charte du parc en termes de répartition de l'effort environnemental entre les différents usagers. Enfin, ces deux premiers constats amènent à interroger l'acceptabilité de l'effort demandé et de sa répartition, d'autant que le processus de concertation est fortement critiqué. L'équité de la répartition de l'effort demandé par la mise en place du parc est interrogée au regard du manque d'information ou du peu de légitimité prêtée au processus de concertation. Elle est également pesée à l'aune des responsabilités attribuées aux différents usages du parc, exacerbée pour nombre d'interviewés par la crainte d'être privés, sans raison admissible à leurs yeux, de leur liberté d'accès à la nature. Ainsi le parc vient-il consolider, plus qu'il ne combat, certaines formes d'inégalités environnementales.