Suchergebnisse

Historię poszukiwań, badań i grnictwa węgla brunatnego na ziemiach polskich ujęto w okresy: sprzed 1860 r., lata 1861-1918, 1919-1939, 194-1944 i po 1945 r. Najbujniejsze okresy rozwoju przypadają na lata 1860-1918 oraz po 1945 r. Ten ostatni okres cechuje szeroki zakres badań geologicznych, w wyniku ktrych doszło do odkrycia wielu nowych złż węgIa brunatnego oraz znakomitego rozpoznania stratygrafii i geologii trzeciorzędu na Niżu Polskim. Nastąpił niespotykany dotąd rozwj grnictwa tej kopaliny, osiągając poziom wydobycia ponad 75 min t rocznie.OUTUNE OF THE HISTORY OF THE EXPLORATION, EXAMINATION AND MINING OF BROWN COAL IN POLAND AND THE PART TAKEN IN IT BY STATEGEOWGICAL INSTITUTEIn the history of exploration, examination and mining of brown coal in Poland it is possible to distinguish several periods: The period before the years 1860 is accepted as a date of the beginning of industrialization of the countries in the Western Europe, including Poland. The annals of the chroniclers from the years 1692-1693 give hints about brown coal in Żytawa Trough (the environs of present time Bogatynia -fire in the outcrop of coal), and from the years 1740-1780 about the exploitation of this mineral product in the vicinity of Zatoń near Turoszw and Krzelkw near Ząbkowice Sląskie in Lower Silesia. Some indications are existing, according to which brown coal was known in central Poland already in the XII-th century. The period of the years 1861-1918 when brown coal,being considered the significant natural resource, became the important mineral product, mainly in the western area. Several important mining districts fanned there, as for instance: the district of the area near Lubusz, Żary - Zielona Gra district, Zgorzelec district and in the lesser degree Opole district and in single cases in the vicinity of Orłowo in Olsztyn district, Sierakw in the district Poznań, Mogilno in the district Bydgoszcz, and others. It is estimated, that in Poland existed about 130 small, shallow, underground mines of brown coal. Their existence was preceded by the intensive geological surveying, what is shown by the scientific papers, published at that time. In the parts of Poland which Russia and Prussia took during the dismembering of that country, the development of the mining of brown coal was decidedly smaller because of more difficult conditions of the occurrence and discovery of deposits. The geological surveys were made in the regions of Zawiercie, Gry Świętokrzyskie Mts and in the south-eastern region. The period 1919-1939. The surveying and investigations of brown coal were beeing made in Poland and in the areas belonging then to the German III-rd Reich. The development of brown coal mining was different. In the western areas of Poland under the Prussian (Hitlerian) occupation the mining reached the value of 4-5 million tons in 1937; in Poland it was diminishing systematically from the initial value of 270 thousand tons to 10 thousand tons in the end of the period between wars. The cheap and far better black coal from Upper Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin was the strong competition for brown coal. The period 1940-1944 was relatively good for the development of the mining of brown coal in the terrains of Poland. In the western area the production of brown coal was at the former level. One great opencut mine in Turw and about 15 underground mines were active. In Poland Germans, adapting the results of the investigations of A. Sarjusz-Makowski, from the years between the wars, began the intensive surveying and geological examinations in the area of Konin, Uniejw, Tuchola and Wronki, where the opencut mine in Morzysław and the briquetting plant in Marantw were built. The project of the power plant near Konin (present-time power plant in Gosławice) was prepared, and further geological prospecting and surveying works were beeing made very intensively in the area of Niesłusz, Gosławice and, further to the north, near Pątnw, Jźwin and Kazimierz. The period after 1945. The quick revival of the mining of brown coal, together with the unusual increase of its productions, is actual till the present day. Over 30% of Polish electric energy is produced using the brown coal. After the World War II the industry of brown coal, devastated in the great degree, was taken over by the Polish government. The mobilisation of the mines took part in the years 1945-1950. The mine in Turw was taken over in 1947 ready for the exploitation. The beginning of the development of Konin Basin took part in the years 1953-1971; Turek Basin was built in the years 1964-1977. The exploitation of Bełchatw mine has begun in 1982. In the year 1960, the output of brown coal in Poland amounted to 9.3 million tons, while in 1965 -22.6 million tons, in 1980-36.8 million tons, and in 1990 -75.4 million tons. And the same time, the surveying and examination of brown coal deposits was developed on the scale not known before, mainly by State Geological Institute and some other institutions. Very many research works concerning the geology of brown coal and the geology of Tertiary on the Polish Lowland, and thousands of scientific papers, were elaborated and published. While formerly the capacity for the resources of brown coal has been estimated at 2-3 thousand million tons, present documented reserves are evaluated at about 36 thousand million tons, with the summary geological resources of about 230 thousand million tons. These resources exists in over 160 proved deposits and coal fields. They situate brown coal in the national balance of solid raw materials for the production of energy at the position of the very important, if not fully appreciated primary energy carrier. This unusual development of the geology and mining of brown coal in Poland after the World War II ensued as the result of the initiative of State Geological Institute together with the institution connected with coal industry.

Dr Adam Piwowar est né à Dąbrowa Górnicza, le 29 octobre 1874. Il fit ses études secondaires au lycée de Miechów, puis étudia à l'École publique des Usines, «Staszic», de Dąbrowa Górnicza. En 1897, il va en Suisse pour y étudier la géologie à l'université de Zurich, chez le célèbre professeur Albert Heim. En 1902, il finit ses études à la faculté des Sciences et d'Histoire Naturelle de cette université et, ayant présenté sa thèse intitulée : «Über Maximalbôschungen trockener Schuttkegel und Schutthalden» (Zürich, 1903) il est promu docteur. Pendant son séjour en Suisse, il est membre actif de l'«Assotiation des socialistes polonais à l'étranger» et comme tel étroitement surveillé par les agents de la Russie des Tzars. La sécurité dont il jouissait en Suisse, disparaît dès qu'il revient au pays. Bientôt arrêté, il est déporté à Arkhangelsk. En exil, arraché à la lutte pour l'indépendance du pays, il commence à s'intéresser aux terres polaires. Il travaille d'abord au Musée Polaire d'Arkhangelsk en dressant le catalogue des riches collections d'histoire naturelle. En même temps il profite de la bibliothèque du Musée pour étudier les problèmes polaires. Ces recherches l'amènent à concevoir l'idée d'organiser une expédition à la Nouvelle Zemble. Le gouverneur d'Arkhangelsk, le baron von Bütting, ayant examiné son projet, y agrée et assure son aide à l'organisation de l'expédition. L'expédition dure trois mois et bien que médriocrement équipée, donne de très bons résultats scientifiques, grâce aux conditions atmosphériques favorables. Dr Piwowar sort d'Arkhangelsk au mois de juillet 1905, sur un voilier d'un mât, traverse la mer Blanche, et la partie sud-ouest de l'océan Glacial arctique et arrive à la Nouvelle Zemble. Après avoir traversé le détroit Matoczkin Szar, il fait le trajet de retour à travers l'île, allant de l'embouchure du fleuve de Czirakina jusqu' au golphe de Brandt dans un traîneau attelé de 14 chiens. Voilà les résultats les plus importants de l'expédition: 1) découverte d'un haut plateau couvert de glaciers de caractère alpin que Piwowar nomma Plateau Central de Heim, 2) découverte de nombreux lacs situés à l'Est du plateau et appelés lacs d'Ekstam, 3) découverte d'un fleuve découlant de ces lacs et ayant à peu près 30 km de longueur, appelé fleuve de Nałkowski, 4) établissement du fait qu' à la base de l'origine du détroit Matoczkin Szar divisant la Nouvelle Zemble en deux îles, est la dislocation et non pas l'érosion comme l'affirmait en 1895 le géologue russe, Czernyszew. A. Piwowar découvrit en plus des gisements de houille, des minerais de fer, de cuivre et de plomb, ainsi que des couches de marbre. Au retour de son expédition, Piwowar en a présenté au gouverneur d'Arkhangelsk un compte rendu détaillé qui sans doute a du s'égarer, car les nombreuses publications soviétiques d'après-guerre ne mentionnent point les découvertes du dr Piwowar. La science soviétique cependant a apprécié l'effort d'A. Piwowar en donnant son nom à un village de Samoyèdes sur la côte occidentale de la Nouvelle Zemble («Stanowiszcze Adama Leopoldowicza Piwowara»). Retourné de l'éxil à Dąbrowa Górnicza, sa ville natale, A. Piwowar étudie la géologie des environs de sa ville, En 1919, l'École des Mines, institution bien connue et pleine de mérite, fut ouverte à Dąbrowa Górnicza. Depuis ce moment et jusqu'à la fin de sa vie, dr Piwowar y enseigne la géologie et la minéralogie. Ses recherches, faites dans la Houillère de Dąbrowa Górnicza eurent pour résultat la découverte des gisements de la houille à Psary, des minerais de fer et de zinc dans la partie septentrionale du bassin houiller, des minerais de fer (sédérites) à Rodaki et, en plus, de la pierre litographique, des argiles réfractaires etc. Pendant la première guerre mondiale, Piwowar prend part dans la lutte pour l'indépendance. Dans la Pologne liberée, il occupe des postes publiques dirigeants. Il est élu, puis deux fois encore reélu, président de la ville de Dąbrowa Górnicza. Il devient ensuite, pour de longues années, président du conseil municipal de sa ville natale. En reconnaissance de ses mérites dans le domaine de l'activité politique et sociale, il est décoré de l'ordre de la Polonia Restituta, de la Croix de l'indépendance, de l'Étoile de la Haute Silésie et obtient la médaille de «Dix années de Service Public». Fidèle à la maxime de Staszic: Salus Rei Publicae suprema lex esto, il ne néglige point l'autre côte de son activité: l'enseignement. En 1919, à l'instigation du ministre de l'Éducation Nationale, il se charge des cours de géologie et de minéralogie à l'École des Mines, et des Usines de Dąbrowa Górnicza. Pour l'institution de cette école, il a fait d'ailleurs d'assidues démarches chez les autorités centrales. Les 20 années de professorat ont donné à A. Piwowar beaucoup de joie intérieure, rendue plus grande encore grâce à la profonde vénération dont l'entourait la jeunesse qu'il aimait beaocoup et à laquelle il était toujours prêt de donner aide et appui. L'Assistance académique des élèves de l'École des Mines dont il était le curateur depuis qu'elle s'était constituée, l'a nommé membre d'honneur en témoignage de sa profonde reconnaissance.

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHICAL SCHEMES OF THE TERTIARY FROM THE POLISH LOWLAND AREASummaryLithostratigraphical division of the Tertiary formations has for the first time been made for West and Middle Poland, along a section from the Lower Oligocene to the Pliocene inclusive. The section comprises several beds, the age·of which has·been determined on the basis of palaeontological evidences, mainly from palynological examinations.The scheme of this division is as follows. Lower Oligocene – Upper Eocene (?) are represented by the Lower Mosina Beds. These are greenish quartz-glauconite sands with gravels ("bean-gravel") phosphorites and sphaerosiderites with pelecypod, gastropod and foraminifer fauna. As the shallow-sea transgressive deposits they may be parallelized with the SchØnewald Beds, and with the Wittenberg Beds from the German Democratic Republic. Middle Oligocene comprises the Czempin Beds, which area, complex of siltstone-like, silty, shaly, silt-sandy and micaceous sediments, dark grey or dark brown-grey in colour, intercalated with green marine glauconite sands. These beds are an equivalent of the formations previously called "Toruń clays". The age of the Middle Oligocene deposits has been documented both palynologically and with the aid of foraminifer fauna. The complex consists of 4–6 biostratigraphical horizons, and contains thin coal seams that are referred to the Czempin group of coal seams (V). These are regressive, marine, brackish or continental formations with the sediments of repeated marine ingressions. They rest unconformably on the Lower Mosinra Beds and correspond to the Calau Beds from the German Democratic Republic. Upper Oligocene is represented by the Upper Mosina Beds, Leszno Beds and Dąbrowa Beds.The Upper Mosina Beds rest unconformable on the Czempin Beds. They consist of quartz-glauconite sands and gravels. Among the gravels are found quartz, lydite, quartz schists, and Mesozoic rocks. Frequently, phosphorite concretions and small pyrite nodules are encountered, too. Fauna remains are represented by otoliths, fish teeth and fragments of mollusc shells. The deposits are of marine origin and correspond to the Lower Cottbus Beds from the Lusatia area of the German Democratic Republic.The Leszno Beds are built of silty and fine-grained quartz sands, light grey in colour, locally with light grey day intercalations. They may be divided into two series: the lower series, which consists of strongly micaceous·cross-bedded silt sands, and the upper series, built of quartz sands, too, but of coarser fraction, less micaceous, horizontally bedded, with bands of coal dust. At the boundary of these series a layer of grey-brown sand occurs, revealing coal dust and plant fragments (stalks, branches, roots). The Leszno Beds rest here discordantly on the·Upper Mosina Beds. In their development, they resemble German "light micaceous sands" (helle Glimmersande), and correspond to the Upper Cottbus Beds.The Dąbrowa Beds of uniform development make the uppermost part of the Upper Oligocene. They consist mainly of a complex of coal-siltstone-sand deposits, from 6 to 11 m in thickness. The Upper Oligocene age of the coal seams has been determined on the basis of palynological examinations. The Dąbrowa Beds have been laid down under the sea-shore-and-continental, and continental conditions within the wide marshland areas (coal seams) left after the recession of the Upper Oligocene sea. The coal seams belong to the Dąbrowa group of coal seams (IV) which, in the German Democratic Republic, correspond to the IV Lusatia seam from Bitterfeld.Lower Miocene consists of the Rawicz Beds, which make a complex, mainly of fat clay and siltstone, light grey and whitish in colour, locally coal-bearing, intercalated with quartz sands. In the sandy formations are found white, strongly weathered feldspars. At places one or two dark-red variegated clay horizons occur, disclosing druses of coarse-clastic gypsum and veins of silver-white aragonite. Palynological examinations point to the Lower Miocene age of the coals found in the beds considered. The clay formations contain thin coal seams, which belong to the Rawicz group of coal seams (III). In the German Democratic Republic, they correspond to the Brieske Beds, or to the Lower Brieske Beds, and in the south-eastern part of the Lusatia – to the Spremberg Beds. Within these beds there occurs the III series of the Lusatia seams, too, and the light colours of the clay deposits of these beds is responsible for an additional name of these beds, i.e. "helle Serie". Midd1e Miocene is represented by the Ścinawka Beds and Pawłowice Beds.The Ścinawka Beds make a complex of coal-clay-sand deposits developed in several coal seams, intercalated with clays, silts, shales or sands. They comprise the Ścinawka group of coal seams (II) of the Tertiary in Poland, and practically may be of great economical importance, mainly due to their thick coal seams found in them, and to their widespread occurrence, particularly in the western areas of Poland. According to the palynological examinations, the age of the coal seams has been determined as Middle Miocene. At the lower part of these beds are found glauconite and planctonic forms of Hystrichosphaeridae, similarly as the fragments of the Miocene marine pelecypods in the quartzite sandstones from the vicinity of Bolesławiec. Thus, the Ścinawka Beds are continental sediments, disclosing traces of a marine ingression that approached from west, and invaded the south-eastern part of West Poland. In the German Democratic Republic these beds correspond to the Lower Brieske Beds with the Lusatia coal seam. The Pawłowice Beds are represented by arenaceous, siltstone and micaceous formations, strongly charred in the upper part, with plant remains. Locally, a thin coal seam occurs, called Lubin seam II-A. Both glauconite and sponge spicules seem to point here to marine influences. The Pawłowice Beds correspond in the German Democratic Republic to the Lower Rauno A Beds, and the Lubin coal seam – to the upper accompanying seam (oberbegleiter FlØz). Upper Miocene consists of the Adamów Beds, Middle-Polish Beds and Lower Poznań Beds.The Adamów Beds rest discordantly on the Pawłowice Beds, locally also on the older beds (Ścinawka Beds and even Rawicz Beds), in the places of a strong erosion of the deposits older than those at Adamów. The unconformity is stressed here by the presence of coarse-grained quartz or lydite sands and gravels, and even of quartz pebbles, up to 15 cm in diameter. At the lower part, they are developed as silty, micaceous or fine-grained sands, in which thin intercalations with few glauconite grains and sponge spicules occur. At the upper part in turn they appear as sands with coal dust. In the Lusatia area (GDR) they correspond to the Rauno B Beds.The Middle-Polish Beds are built of clays and silts, grey or greenish-grey in colour, disclosing numerous plant fragments. In the central areas of Poland, these clays are interbedded with a coal seam, locally also even with 2 or 3 contiguous seams. Now, this seam is called the Middle-Polish seam. Locally, in the south-western area of Poland, the Middle-Polish Beds contain large coal lenses that correspond to the Oczkowice seam I, which, in relation to the Middle-Polish seam, would be characterized by a diachronic arrangement. At the top of the Middle-Polish seam the Upper Miocene deciduous flora appears.The Lower Poznań Beds make a thick complex of grey, green-grey or olive-green clays, and disclose abundant plant remains observed mainly in the form of plant detritus, or fragments of stalks, branches and roots. The plant remains markedly separate them from the green clays with glauconite. The Lower Poznań clays may be correlated with the Rauno Beds from the German Democratic Republic.Both Upper Miocene and Pliocen eara represented by the Upper Poznań Beds. They are built of a thick series of clayey formations, the lower part of which consists of green, fat an silty-arenaceous days with sand intercalations, and the upper part – mainly of variegated clays, previously called mottled clays (Flammentone). In the lower part of the Upper Poznań Beds, there occur glauconite and Tortonian microfauna. Most probably, these elements are related to a marine ingression from South Poland, caused by uplifting movements of the Carpathian foredeep. In the Lower Silesia and Sudetes areas, the Late Pliocene is represented by a series of white, kaolin clays with quartz gravels, quartz-feldspar sands and gravels with kaolin clays, and quartz-feldspar sand and gravels.Both western and central areas of the country lack these formations, and the Quaternary deposits rest here immediately on the variegated or green Upper Poznań Beds.